Hepatic vagus does not mediate IL-1 alpha induced anorexia.

Peripherally infused interleukin-alpha (IL-1 alpha) reduces food intake. Since the innervated liver modulates eating activity via the vagus, we investigated the role of the hepatic vagus in the etiology of IL-1 alpha induced anorexia. Ten male Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to hepatic vagotomy (HX-IL-1 group) or sham operation (Sham-IL-1 group), and an internal jugular catheter was inserted in all rats.

Effects of different types of isocaloric parenteral nutrients on food intake and metabolic concomitants.

Whether spontaneous food intake (SFI) is controlled by infused nutrient type or its caloric content, irrespective of nutrient type, was investigated. Rats were infused for 4 days with isocaloric solutions of different nutrient type but sharing the same intermediary metabolic oxidative pathway, providing 25% of daily caloric needs. One parenteral solution was a glucose, fat and amino acid mix (TPN-25%); the other provided ketone bodies (TRI-3.

LHA dopaminergic activity in obese and lean Zucker rats.

Microdialysis was performed to quantitate lateral hypothalamic dopamine (LHA DA) release before, during and after a single meal in food-deprived obese and lean Zucker rats to examine our hypothesis that an abnormally high dopamine activity may exist in the LHA of obese Zucker rats. Food consumption after food deprivation, was significantly greater in obese than in lean rats (4.1 +/- 0.

Effects of TPN on brain, liver, and food intake in rats.

Postulating that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has a direct metabolic effect in the brain which may be similar to that in the liver, we studied the effects of TPN on brain glycogen and triglyceride in rats. Control rats (n = 24) received normal saline via jugular catheter for 18 days; TPN rats (n = 24) had normal saline for 10 days and then TPN-100 for 4 days, followed by normal saline for 4 more days. TPN-100 (caloric ratio glucose: fat:amino acid = 50:30:20) provided 100% of the rat's daily caloric needs.

Correlation between food intake and CSF IL-1 alpha in anorectic tumor bearing rats.

Postulating that central IL-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer anorexia we measured IL-1 alpha in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from anorectic tumor bearing (TB) rats and non-tumor bearing controls, and correlated their CSF IL-1 alpha with food intake and tumor weight. Food intake in controls was significantly higher than that in anorectic TB rats. Eight of the 13 anorectic TB rats had detectable CSF IL-1 alpha; no CSF IL-1 alpha was detected in controls.

Plasma amino acid imbalance in patients with lung and breast cancer.

In order to evaluate whether different solid tumors may specifically influence plasma free amino acid (PFAA) profile, PFAA were analysed in seventy-four patients with lung (41 patients) and breast cancer (33 patients) and 28 healthy subjects. In lung cancer patients a significant reduction of gluconeogenic amino acids, threonine, serine, glycine and a significant increase of free tryptophan and glutamic acid was found. In breast cancer patients a significant increase of ornithine, glutamic acid and free tryptophan was found.

Surfeit calories during parenteral nutrition influences food intake and carcass adiposity in rats.

The relationship between surfeit caloric consumption during intravenous infusion of a parenteral nutrition solution providing 100% daily caloric needs (PN-100; glucose:fat:amino acid = 50:30:20), carcass adiposity, and postinfusion food intake was evaluated. Rats received saline (control) or PN-100 for 4 days via jugular vein. PN-100 rats were either allowed or denied access to chow during the infusion period.

Effects of arginine-lysine mixture, glucose and ATP on the autonomic outflows to the thymus and spleen.

Effect of arginine-lysine mixture, glucose and ATP on the efferent activities of the vagal thymic branch and splenic nerve were studied in urethane anesthetized rat. In male Wistar rats jugular vein was cannulated for drug administration. In one group the thymus was exposed and a nerve filament of the central cut end of vagal thymus was isolated.

Eating induced rise in LHA-dopamine correlates with meal size in normal and bulbectomized rats.

Dopaminergic function in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is important for processing intrinsic and extrinsic feeding related information. Brain microdialysis was used to examine if dopamine release in the LHA correlates with meal size in normal and bulbectomized rats. Food-deprived bulbectomized rats ate significantly less food (1.

Continuous systemic interleukin-1 alpha infusion suppresses food intake without increasing lateral hypothalamic dopamine activity.

In addition to its immunomodulatory action, interleukin-1 (IL-1 alpha) induces anorexia centrally. Whether IL-1-induced anorexia is mediated by dopaminergic activity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was investigated by using microdialysis in freely moving rats. After recovery from jugular vein catheterization and LHA cannulation, rats had a microdialysis probe inserted into the LHA.

Nutrition management of acute intermittent porphyria.

A patient with acute intermittent porphyria is presented to emphasize the relevance of nutrition in its management. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria, simplified heme biosynthetic pathway, the glucose effect, and the rationale for giving nutritional therapy for acute intermittent porphyria are discussed.

Synergistic effect of rhTNF-alpha and rhIL-1 alpha in inducing anorexia in rats.

To investigate whether there is a synergistic effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) and recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) in inducing anorexia, 32 rats with jugular catheters were studied (8 rats/group): controls received normal saline; the IL-1 group received rhIL-1 alpha (10 micrograms/kg); the TNF group received rhTNF-alpha (30 micrograms/kg); and the IL-1 + TNF group received the same concentration of both rhIL-1 alpha+rhTNF-alpha for 3 days; solutions were then switched to normal saline. No significant decrease in light- and dark-phase food intake occurred during infusion of subeffective rhTNF-alpha. Food intake was decreased on the first rhIL-1 alpha infusion day because of a decreased meal number during the dark phase.

Parenteral nutrients in rat suppresses hepatic vagal afferent signals from portal vein to hypothalamus.

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) suppresses spontaneous food intake in rats by stimulating dopamine in lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), which is attenuated by vagotomy. Sensors for glucose and for some individual amino acids exist in hepatoportal areas sending signals via hepatic vagal afferents to LHA. Hypothesizing that the decrease in spontaneous food intake occurs because a PN amino acid solution is recognized by portal vein sensors, we measured afferent nerve discharges in hepatic vagus in response to PN.

Factors influencing compensatory feeding during parenteral nutrition in rats.

During parenteral nutrition (PN) there is an incomplete compensatory decrease in oral caloric intake. The effects of two factors influencing nutrient utilization, diurnal timing of PN infusion and composition of available diet, on compensatory feeding were investigated in male rats receiving 100% of daily caloric need as PN (PN-100). Compensation for infused calories increased from 70 to 80% (P < 0.

Cytokines, tryptophan and anorexia in cancer patients before and after surgical tumor ablation.

Serotoninergic system activity and cytokine production have been both implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer anorexia. To verify the existence of relationships between tryptophan, cytokines and anorexia, twenty cancer and six non-neoplastic patients were studied. Plasma amino acid concentration, including tryptophan, and spontaneous and LPS stimulated tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined before and after surgery in both groups of patients.

Hepatic vagotomy effects on metabolic challenges during parenteral nutrition in rats.

During parenteral nutrition (PN) glucoprivic-induced feeding appeared to be neutralized by the oxidation of infused fatty acids. With the use of a latin-square design, the feeding response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and/or 2-mercaptoacetate (MA) was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats with hepatic branch vagotomy (HV) or sham operations (SO). Rats received continuous infusions of 0.

Metabolic influences on satiety in rats receiving parenteral nutrition.

Food intake is reduced during parenteral nutrition (PN) proportionally to the amount of calories or composition of the solution infused. The relative importance of infused glucose and lipid, 50 and 30% of PN kilocalories, respectively, in reducing food intake during PN was examined. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, or both were acutely disrupted with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA).

Taurine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition and taurine status of malnourished cancer patients.

The status of plasma taurine and whether its concentration can be influenced by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was determined in 51 malnourished fasting cancer patients after surgery and 7-14 days after starting TPN providing 41 +/- 2 kcal, 0.30 +/- 0.02 g N kg-1.

Parenteral nutrition, brain glycogen, and food intake.

To determine whether brain glycogen concentrations change during parenteral nutrition, Fischer 344 rats with jugular vein catheters received 0.9 N saline or parenteral nutrition providing 100% of daily calories (PN-100). Rats were killed after 4 days of PN-100 and serially after PN-100 was stopped.

Olfactory bulbectomy in rats modulates feeding pattern but not total food intake.

The role of olfactory input in the regulation of food intake and feeding patterns in rats was investigated by performing bilateral olfactory bulbectomy. Compared to control rats, bulbectomized rats ate the same amounts of food, but did so via a decrease in meal size, and a doubling in meal number. Although no increase in meal duration occurred, the exploratory behavior of sniffing during meals and between meals also increased significantly.

Densitometry-based equations for estimating body composition in Fischer rats.

Male Fischer rats are widely used to evaluate the effects of nutritional repletion or deprivation on the rat's nutritional status. Practical methods are needed to evaluate changes in body composition. Chemical analysis is expensive, time consuming, and often not available; bioelectrical impedance analysis in laboratory animals lacks standardization.

Effect of intragastric and intravenous ethanol on food intake in rats.

The effects of a continuous intragastric (via a gastrostomy) and intravenous (via an indwelling jugular catheter) infusion of 3% ethanol at 3 ml/h on food intake was examined in rats randomly assigned to a two period crossover study. The 3% ethanol solution provided 19 kcal/day, which was equivalent to about 50% of the daily caloric intake of the rats. Ethanol significantly decreased food intake irrespective of the route administered.

Lateral hypothalamic dopaminergic neural activity in response to total parenteral nutrition.

Background: The lateral hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons dominate modulation of food intake. Changes in lateral hypothalamic synaptic dopaminergic release before and during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and its components were measured in vivo with microdialysis probes.

Methods: Rats had an intracerebral guide cannula and an internal jugular catheter placed.