Butorphanol is commonly administered, both by the intravenous and intramuscular routes, to racehorses to facilitate handling for diagnostic procedures. As the administration of butorphanol for therapeutic purposes is considered appropriate, in order to avoid inadvertent positive drug tests, a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of this drug is necessary. In the current study, 12, exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered a single intramuscular dose of 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe metabolism and pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.) morphine in the horse have been described; however, administration of therapeutic doses has also been associated with neuroexcitation and adverse gastrointestinal effects.
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