Cue reactivity in virtual reality: the role of context.

Cigarette smokers in laboratory experiments readily respond to smoking stimuli with increased craving. An alternative to traditional cue-reactivity methods (e.g.

Real-time craving differences between black and white smokers.

Black and White smokers may experience aspects of nicotine dependence, including craving, differently. This study used a naturalistic technique, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), to explore differences in craving, mood, expectancy, and smoking enjoyment between Black and White smokers. Participants carried personal digital assistants (PDAs) programmed to obtain multiple daily assessments.

Generalized craving, self-report of arousal, and cue reactivity after brief abstinence.

Introduction: Numerous studies report smokers' increased craving and physiological arousal when exposed to cigarette stimuli. These responses are attributed to learning processes (e.g.

Real-time craving and mood assessments before and after smoking.

This study explored some quandaries concerning craving and mood as motivators to smoke. Craving and negative mood have long been associated with day-to-day smoking as two of the primary motivational forces behind the maintenance of the behavior, as well as significant barriers in smokers' attempts to quit. Craving remains a clinically relevant phenomenon, with most smokers describing craving as a troublesome problem when quitting.