Intensive Care Unit Decision-Making in Uncertain and Stressful Conditions Part 2: Cognitive Errors, Debiasing Strategies, and Enhancing Critical Thinking.

Diagnostic errors are considered a blind spot of health care delivery and occur in up to 15% of patient cases. Cognitive failures are a leading cause of diagnostic error and often occur as a result of overreliance on system 1 thinking. This narrative review describes why diagnostic errors occur by shedding additional light on systems 1 and 2 forms of thinking, reviews literature on debiasing strategies in medicine, and provides a framework for teaching critical thinking in the intensive care unit as a strategy to promote learner development and minimize cognitive failures.

Community Assessment of Extreme Heat Preparedness in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Background: This article describes the first Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) rapid needs assessment project to be conducted in Wisconsin. The project focused on extreme heat preparedness.

Methods: Fifteen teams conducted household surveys in 30 census blocks in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Taking Action With Data: Improving Environmental Public Health at the Community Level.

Context: The Wisconsin Environmental Public Health Tracking Program (Wisconsin Tracking) compiles and provides data on health endpoints and related environmental exposures as a resource to local health departments, tribes, academia, and other stakeholders. The goal of providing these data is that stakeholders use them to develop projects that improve environmental health in their communities-that is, moving from "data to action."

Objective: To encourage use of Wisconsin Tracking data, we developed a minigrants program and issued a funding opportunity to local health departments and tribes.

Occurrence of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) and Human Infection With Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Wisconsin, 2008-2015.

Because of the increasing incidence of human ehrlichiosis in Wisconsin, we assessed reports of human infections by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and the distribution of its vector, the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum (L.)). From 2008 through 2015, 158 probable and confirmed human cases of E.

Heat Vulnerability Index Mapping for Milwaukee and Wisconsin.

Context: Extreme heat waves elevate the population's risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality, specifically for vulnerable groups such as older adults and young children. In this context, we developed 2 Heat Vulnerability Indices (HVIs), one for the state of Wisconsin and one for the Milwaukee metropolitan area.

Objective: Through the creation of an HVI, state and local agencies will be able to use the indices as a planning tool for extreme heat events.

Heat-related fatalities in Wisconsin during the summer of 2012.

Background: The hottest year on record for the contiguous United States was 2012. July 2012 ranked as Wisconsin's fourth warmest July, which has profound implications for heat-related mortality.

Methods: We conducted a case series of 27 heat-related fatalities in Wisconsin during summer 2012.

Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost--11 States, 2006-2010.

Excessive alcohol consumption, the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States, resulted in approximately 88,000 deaths and 2.5 million years of potential life lost (YPLL) annually during 2006-2010 and cost an estimated $223.5 billion in 2006.

In situ generation of cell-laden porous MMP-sensitive PEGDA hydrogels by gelatin leaching.

Proteolytically degradable poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogels have been investigated as tissue engineering scaffolds; however, cell invasion and tissue regeneration are limited by the rate of cell-mediated degradation due to the small mesh size of the resultant crosslinked network. Gelatin leaching is combined with photopolymerization to form porous matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive PEG scaffolds under cytocompatible conditions in the presence of cells. Gelatin leaching allows control over pore size and porosity through selectivity of gelatin bead particle size and porogen loading, respectively.

MMP-sensitive PEG diacrylate hydrogels with spatial variations in matrix properties stimulate directional vascular sprout formation.

The spatial presentation of immobilized extracellular matrix (ECM) cues and matrix mechanical properties play an important role in directed and guided cell behavior and neovascularization. The goal of this work was to explore whether gradients of elastic modulus, immobilized matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitivity, and YRGDS cell adhesion ligands are capable of directing 3D vascular sprout formation in tissue engineered scaffolds. PEGDA hydrogels were engineered with mechanical and biofunctional gradients using perfusion-based frontal photopolymerization (PBFP).

Private drinking water quality in rural Wisconsin.

Between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2010, Wisconsin health departments tested nearly 4,000 rural drinking water supplies for coliform bacteria, nitrate, fluoride, and 13 metals as part of a state-funded program that provides assistance to low-income families. The authors' review of laboratory findings found that 47% of these wells had an exceedance of one or more health-based water quality standards. Test results for iron and coliform bacteria exceeded safe limits in 21% and 18% of these wells, respectively.