Transdermal Patches for Pain Relief in Orthodontic Procedures: A Narrative Review.

Pain relief is an integral component of any orthodontic procedure given its high association with patient compliance and treatment adherence. A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a non-invasive method of drug delivery through the skin surface that can spread the medication throughout the dermis at a predetermined rate to produce a local or systemic effect. It might be used in place of hypodermic injections and the oral medication route.

Communicating tubular duplication of upper esophagus-a rare occurrence.

Duplications of esophagus are commonly classified into two types, tubular and cystic. Tubular duplication of esophagus is a rare occurrence and is much less common than cystic duplication of foregut. Most esophageal duplications are located in the lower third of the esophagus.

XRCC1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk from the New York Site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry: A family-based case-control study.

Background: XRCC1 is a scaffold protein involved in the early and late stages of Base Excision Repair (BER). Three DNA polymorphisms occur in XRCC1, resulting in non-synonymous amino acid changes, which could alter the binding or regulatory activities of XRCC1.

Materials And Methods: We used a family-based case-control study design to evaluate the association between XRCC1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk.

Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures and p53 mutations in breast tumors.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be associated with breast cancer. However, the carcinogenicity of PAHs on the human breast remains unclear. Certain carcinogens may be associated with specific mutation patterns in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, thereby contributing information about disease etiology.

Mutations in p53, p53 protein overexpression and breast cancer survival.

p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene that encodes p53 protein, a molecule involved in cell cycle regulation and has been inconsistently linked to breast cancer survival. Using archived tumour tissue from a population-based sample of 859 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1996 and 1997, we determined p53 mutations in exons 5-8 and p53 protein overexpression. We examined the association of p53 mutations with overexpression and selected tumour clinical parameters.

Plasma protein carbonyls and breast cancer risk in sisters discordant for breast cancer from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry.

Reactive oxygen species are important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including breast cancer. Several population-based case-control studies have shown that various biomarkers of oxidative stress are associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. We selected sisters discordant for breast cancer (n=645) from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry to explore factors that contribute to variation in plasma protein carbonyls, and to determine whether this biomarker is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk among those with a family history.

Plasma protein carbonyl levels and breast cancer risk.

To study the role of oxidative stress in breast cancer risk, we analysed plasma levels of protein carbonyls in 1050 cases and 1107 controls. We found a statistically significant trend in breast cancer risk in relation to increasing quartiles of plasma protein carbonyl levels (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.

Genetic polymorphisms in the apoptosis-associated genes FAS and FASL and breast cancer risk.

FAS and FAS ligand (FASL) play key roles in apoptotic signaling and down-regulation of this pathway may facilitate tumorigenesis. Alterations in apoptosis genes may affect cancer risk by influencing individual susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. Using a population-based breast cancer case-control study on Long Island, New York, we examined whether polymorphisms in FAS and FASL modified the association between breast cancer risk and a marker of environmental exposures, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts.

Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, and breast cancer risk.

Genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, which removes bulky DNA adducts, are potential low-penetrance cancer susceptibility genes. We recently reported an association between detectable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts and breast cancer risk. Using a population-based breast cancer case-control study on Long Island, New York, we examined whether polymorphisms in NER genes modified the association between PAH-DNA adducts and breast cancer risk.

Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes and DNA repair capacity phenotype in sisters discordant for breast cancer.

Interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity (DRC) may play a critical role in breast cancer risk. Previously, we determined that DRC measured via removal of in vitro-induced benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adducts in lymphoblastoid cell lines was lower in cases compared with controls among sisters discordant for breast cancer from the Metropolitan New York Registry of Breast Cancer Families. We have now determined genotypes for seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in five nucleotide excision repair genes, including Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA +62T>C), group C (XPC Lys939Gln and Ala499Val), group D (XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln), and group G (XPG His1104Asp) and ERCC1 (8092 C>A) in a total of 160 sister pairs for whom DRC phenotype data were available.

Relationship between urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels and breast cancer risk.

To evaluate the role of oxidative stress in breast cancer, we measured urinary levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane (15-F(2t)-IsoP) and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in 400 cases and 401 controls, participants of the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. We also analyzed the effect of different factors that are associated with oxidative stress and might influence 15-F(2t)-IsoP and 8-oxodG levels. We observed a statistically significant trend in breast cancer risk with increasing quartiles of 15-F(2t)-IsoP levels [odds ratio (OR), 1.

Aflatoxin B1 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon adducts, p53 mutations and p16 methylation in liver tissue and plasma of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Elevated aflatoxin B(1)-albumin adducts (AFB(1)-Alb) have been associated with an increased risk for HCC development. However, there are no studies in humans, correlating albumin adducts in blood with liver DNA adducts. Forty frozen tumor tissues and 39 paired plasma samples from HCC patients were collected in Taiwan, to determine the relationship between albumin adducts in blood and DNA adducts in liver tissue as well as mutations in p53 and methylation of p16.

DNA adducts, DNA repair genotype/phenotype and cancer risk.

It is well established that the initiating event in chemical carcinogenesis is the binding of reactive carcinogens to DNA. Thus, a number of analytic methods have been developed for determining levels of carcinogen-DNA adducts in humans as a marker of individual exposure and, potentially, of risk for cancer development. We have developed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to carcinogen-DNA adducts and highly sensitive ELISA and immunohistochemical assays for determining levels of adducts in human tissues.

DNA repair capacity of lymphoblastoid cell lines from sisters discordant for breast cancer.

Background: Interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity may influence cancer risk. We tested whether the nucleotide excision repair pathway was deficient in breast cancer case patients by analyzing sister pairs.

Methods: Cell lines derived from sisters discordant for breast cancer (137 families containing 158 case patients and 154 control sisters) were obtained from the Metropolitan New York Registry of Breast Cancer Families.