Teaching Patients About Pain: The Emergence of Pain Science Education, its Learning Frameworks and Delivery Strategies.

Since it emerged in the early 2000's, intensive education about 'how pain works', widely known as pain neuroscience education or explaining pain, has evolved into a new educational approach, with new content and new strategies. The substantial differences from the original have led the PETAL collaboration to call the current iteration 'Pain Science Education'. This review presents a brief historical context for Pain Science Education, the clinical trials, consumer perspective, and real-world clinical data that have pushed the field to update both content and method.

Enhancing Community Participation in Dengue Control Through Digital Crowdsourcing: An Analysis of a World Mosquito Program Digital Open Call in Sri Lanka.

Background: Two crowdsourcing open calls were created to enhance community engagement in dengue control in Sri Lanka. We analyzed the process and outcomes of these digital crowdsourcing open calls.

Methods: We used standard World Health Organization methods to organize the open calls, which used exclusively digital methods because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Recovery after admission with COVID-19 pneumonia - A follow-up study.

Introduction: We performed this study to describe clinical, radiological and pulmonary function outcomes of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia 1 year after discharge from hospital.

Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal study on patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia in March and April 2020. 162 patients were classified as moderate, severe or critical.

For children admitted to hospital, what interventions improve medication safety on ward rounds? A systematic review.

Objective: Every year, medication errors harm children in hospitals. Ward rounds are a unique opportunity to bring information together and plan management. There is a need to understand what strategies can improve medication safety on ward rounds.

The role of emergency medical teams in Eswatini during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The paper documents experiences and lesson learned in responding to COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini with the support of the Emergency Medical Teams. WHO databases, operation reports and hospitalization records were reviewed. The WHO Emergency Medical Teams built the capacity of the local response teams in Eswatini.

Regional Impact of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA) during the First Wave.

Background: Critically ill COVID-19 patients have proven to be at risk for developing invasive fungal infections. However, the incidence and impact of possible/probable COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in severe COVID-19 patients varies between cohorts. We aimed to assess the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a regional cohort of COVID-19 intensive care patients.

Improving the experience of obtaining repeat complex paediatric prescriptions in the UK.

In the UK, medicines for chronic conditions in children and young people (CYP) are typically initiated within secondary or tertiary care, with responsibility for ongoing supply often then passed to the child's general practitioner (GP) and community pharmacist. The patient should then be reviewed in regular specialist clinics, with two-way communication for any changes in medications or clinical status undertaken between primary and secondary/tertiary care. This arrangement allows long-term medications to be obtained close to home.

Late histopathologic characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients: Different phenotypes without evidence of invasive aspergillosis, a case series.

Purpose: Pathological data of critical ill COVID-19 patients is essential in the search for optimal treatment options.

Material And Methods: We performed postmortem needle core lung biopsies in seven patients with COVID-19 related ARDS. Clinical, radiological and microbiological characteristics are reported together with histopathological findings.

Severe preschool asthmatics have altered cytokine and anti-viral responses during exacerbation.

Background: Preschool asthma/recurrent wheeze is a heterogeneous condition. Different clinical phenotypes have been described, including episodic viral wheeze (EVW), severe intermittent wheeze (SIW), and multiple-trigger wheeze (MTW).

Objective: To compare clinical, viral, and inflammatory/immune profiling at exacerbation between MTW, SIW, and EVW phenotypes.

The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds.

The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs.

Candida albicans β-1,2 mannosyl transferase Bmt3: Preparation and evaluation of a β (1,2), α (1,2)-tetramannosyl fluorescent substrate.

We describe for the first time the chemical synthesis of a tetramannoside, containing both α (1→2) and β (1→2) linkages. Dodecylthio (lauryl) glycosides were prepared from odorless dodecyl thiol and used as donors for the glycosylation steps. This tetramannoside, was coupled to a mantyl group, and revealed to be a perfect substrate of β-mannosyltransferase Bmt3, confirming the proposed specificity and allowing the preparation of a pentamannoside sequence (β Man (1,2) β Man (1,2) α Man (1,2) α Man (1,2) α Man) usable as a novel substrate for further elongation studies.

Candida albicans β-1,2-mannosyltransferase Bmt3 prompts the elongation of the cell-wall phosphopeptidomannan.

β-1,2-Linked mannosides are expressed on numerous cell-wall glycoconjugates of the opportunistic pathogen yeast Candida albicans. Several studies evidenced their implication in the host-pathogen interaction and virulence mechanisms. In the present study, we characterized the in vitro activity of CaBmt3, a β-1,2-mannosyltransferase involved in the elongation of β-1,2-oligomannosides oligomers onto the cell-wall polymannosylated N-glycans.

Lead Exposure Risk from Trash Ingestion by the Endangered California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus).

Lead poisoning from ingestion of spent lead ammunition is one of the greatest threats to the recovery of California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) in the wild. Trash ingestion by condors is well documented, yet the extent that trash presents a lead exposure risk is unknown. We evaluated 1,413 trash items collected from condor nest areas and nestlings in the Transverse Range of Ventura County, California, US, from 2002 to 2008, for their potential as a lead exposure risk to condors.

Survey of hospital procedures for parapneumonic effusion in children highlights need for standardised management.

Aim: This study sought to evaluate the initial management of children with parapneumonic effusion admitted to all French university hospitals.

Methods: A nationwide survey of all 35 university hospitals took place in 2011 to assess practices for children with parapneumonic effusion, using a hypothetical clinical vignette and a standardised questionnaire. Two to four paediatricians per hospital were interviewed and asked about their initial management, probabilistic antibiotic therapy and its adaptation to microbiological results and subsequent course.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 4-strand hamstring autograft and accelerated rehabilitation: a 10-year prospective study on clinical results, knee osteoarthritis and its predictors.

Purpose: Analysis of long-term clinical and radiological outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with special attention to knee osteoarthritis and its predictors.

Methods: A prospective, consecutive case series of 100 patients. Arthroscopic transtibial ACL reconstruction was performed using 4-strand hamstring tendon autografts with a standardized accelerated rehabilitation protocol.

Rare presentation of Brunner's gland adenoma: another differentiation in patients with recurrent "idiopathic" pancreatitis.

Background: Brunner's gland adenoma (BGA) is an unusual benign neoplasm arising from Brunner's glands in the duodenum. When symptomatic it presents either with duodenal obstruction or bleeding. However, pancreatitis secondary to ampullary obstruction from a BGA is very rare.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques.

The brains of Alzheimer's disease sufferers are characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, the cause(s) of these features and those of the disease are unknown, in sporadic cases. We previously showed that herpes simplex virus type 1 is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease when in the brains of possessors of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-epsilon4), and that beta-amyloid, the main component of plaques, accumulates in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cell cultures and mouse brain.

Colonoscopy for screening and follow up of patients with a family history of colorectal cancer.

Objective: To determine the minimum family history of colorectal cancer (CRC), which justifies colonoscopy and to establish whether further colonic assessment is necessary after a negative screening colonoscopy.

Method: A retrospective review of every colonoscopy undertaken for family screening at the Royal Berkshire and Battle Hospitals, Reading between October 1996 and July 2004.

Results: Four hundred and thirty-two patients (261 women) with an average age of 48 years (range 14-84) were screened.

Laparoscopic retrieval of a missing pancreatic pseudocyst drain.

A 20-year woman who presented with acute pancreatitis developed a pseudocyst that was successfully drained by endoscopic placement of a stent as a cystogastrostomy. The first stent used went fully into the cyst and was irretrievable. Two years later a computed tomography showed the stent lying anterior to the left kidney.

Interaction of solid particles with a tangle of vortex filaments in a viscous fluid.

Homogeneous isotropic turbulence consists of coherent filamentary vortex structures superimposed to a more incoherent background. The question which we address is the effect of these structures on the dynamics of small, neutrally buoyant solid particles. Rather than generating the turbulence by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations, we use a model of turbulence based entirely on viscous vortex filaments which interact via inertial forces and reconnect with each other.