Incidence and presenting clinical features of pediatric keratoconus in a US population.

Purpose: To report both the incidence of pediatric keratoconus (PKC) in a population-based cohort and the risk for undergoing corneal surgery over a 20-year period at a single institution.

Methods: The medical records of all patients <19 years of age diagnosed with keratoconus while residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. The records of patients <19 years with keratoconus examined at our institution from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2020, were also reviewed.

Medical Students as Teachers: A Student-Led Course in Developing Teaching Skills.

Students as Teachers is a 7-month student-led elective that equips first- and second-year medical students with teaching skills. Pre- and post-course surveys measured participants' knowledge and confidence level in the course's learning objectives such as creating lesson plans, engaging learners, and assessing understanding. Eleven students participated in the course and 10 students completed the pre- and post-course surveys.

A Student Teaching Assistant Program for Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Antiracism Curricular Enhancement.

Problem: In the United States, physician bias is exhibited early in medical training and contributes to systemic inequities within the field of medicine. A lack of diversity, equity, inclusion, and antiracism (DEI-AR) content within medical curricula drives critical gaps in knowledge and deficiencies when preparing medical students to serve patients of diverse backgrounds. At the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine (MCASOM), student-led curricular reviews between 2017 to 2018 and 2020 to 2021 revealed opportunities to improve DEI-AR content within preclinical courses.

Insights Into Eye Care Accessibility: Geospatial Distribution of Eye Care Providers and Socioeconomic Factors by ZIP Code.

Purpose: In the United States, the ZIP Code has long been used to collect geospatial data revealing disparities in social determinants of health. This cross-sectional study examines the distribution of eye care access in association with local socioeconomic factors at a ZIP Code level.

Methods: Data from the 2020 Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services and American Community Survey were used to examine locations of 47,949 providers (17,631 ophthalmologists and 30,318 optometrists) and corresponding local socioeconomic variables (education, employment, and income).

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Associated With Increased Failure Rate of Ptosis Repair.

Purpose: This study investigates how Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects the outcomes of ptosis repair. We hypothesized that patients with OSA have an increased rate of reoperation after ptosis repair.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients age >18 from the Mayo Clinic who underwent ptosis repair by levator advancement or Müller muscle-conjunctiva resection between 2018 and 2021.