The COVID-19 Health Protocol among University Students: Case Studies in Three Cities in Indonesia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused lifestyle changes for everyone and led to the practice of regulated health protocols for preventing the spreading or severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the differences in health protocols and health practices among university students. The designed online survey was conducted among 292 university students in three cities in Indonesia, i.

Anoxic storage to promote arsenic removal with groundwater-native iron.

Storage containers are usually used to provide a constant water head in decentralized, community groundwater treatment systems for the removal of iron (Fe) and arsenic (As). However, the commonly practiced aeration prior to storage assists in rapid and complete Fe oxidation, resulting in poor As removal, despite sufficient native-Fe in the source water. In this study, it was found that application of anoxic storage enhanced As removal from groundwater, containing ≥300 µg/L of As(III) and 2.

Arsenic removal from iron-containing groundwater by delayed aeration in dual-media sand filters.

Generally, abstracted groundwater is aerated, leading to iron (Fe) oxidation to Fe and precipitation as Fe-(hydr)oxide (HFO) flocs. This practice of passive groundwater treatment, however, is not considered a barrier for arsenic (As), as removal efficiencies vary widely (15-95%), depending on Fe/As ratio. This study hypothesizes that full utilization of the adsorption capacity of groundwater native-Fe based HFO flocs is hampered by rapid Fe oxidation-precipitation during aeration before or after storage.