Improving the accuracy of reporting Ki-67 IHC by using an AI tool.

Ki-67 proliferative index (PI) scoring is measured by estimating the proportion of the number of active cell nuclei in hotspot regions within immunohistochemical (IHC) stained slides. It provides valuable information about the rate of proliferation in a tumour. Manual scoring of Ki-67 PI is laborious, time-consuming and often the victim of interobserver variability between pathologists.

Analyzing Androgen Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer: Insights into Histopathological Parameters and Hormone Receptor Status Among Indian Women.

Breast cancer, an exceptionally hormone-dependent tumor, exhibits a diverse clinical profile. Its therapeutic categorization relies on the expression of key receptors, namely, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2neu. The androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a biomarker gaining attention in breast cancer research, particularly for triple-negative breast cancers.

Shining Light on Rarity: Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Esophagus with Absence of MAML2 Gene Rearrangement.

Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare condition characterized by a combination of squamous and mucin-secreting glandular malignant cells. Its clinical recognition is often challenging, pre-operative diagnosis is difficult, and there is a lack of standardized treatment protocols. Here, we present the clinicopathological characteristics of a previously underreported esophageal malignancy found in the distal esophagus of a 58-year-old woman.

Myxoid liposarcoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology: There is more to it than meets the eye.

Liposarcoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm commonly involving deep soft tissues and the retroperitoneum. Among the various types of liposarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma is the most frequently encountered in adolescents and young adults, with a predilection for lower extremities. Fine needle aspiration allows easy assessment and rapid on-site evaluation for distinguishing benign from malignant lipomatous lesions.

Adult-Onset Neuropsychiatric Symptoms as the Presenting Feature of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group G: A Report of a Rare Case.

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting in heightened cutaneous photosensitivity due to aberrant DNA repair mechanisms. Early-life developmental delay and cognitive impairment have been described in xeroderma pigmentosum cases. However, psychiatric symptoms in adulthood as the presenting feature of xeroderma pigmentosum have not been reported.

Benign Lesion of the Common Bile Duct Mimicking a Malignant Tumor: an Entity Commonly Overdiagnosed Clinically.

Adenomyomatous hyperplasia and adenomyoma are rare benign inflammatory pseudotumors of the gallbladder arising from Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. Occurrence of these hyperplastic conditions in the Vaterian and biliary system is extremely rare and is a concern for gastroenterologists and surgeons in distinguishing them from primary malignancies of the biliary system. Definitive diagnosis by imaging or cytopathological examination is difficult; thus, surgical resection becomes the only choice in such cases to relieve the obstruction.

Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in a Case of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Sarcomatoid Differentiation.

Sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare histologic variant of primary liver cancer comprising of malignant spindle cells and typical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In terms of clinical presentation, they usually exhibit extensive tumor burden due to their larger size and a metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis as compared to conventional HCC. Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncological emergency, usually seen after cytotoxic chemotherapy in haematological malignancies.

A nuanced exploration delving into malignant melanomas occurring in unexpected and less common anatomical locations.

Malignant melanoma originates from melanoma cells, which derive from the neuroectoderm of the ectodermal mucosa. The chameleonic presentation of malignant melanoma, its often asymptomatic nature, the rarity of the lesion, the grim prognosis, and the imperative for highly specialized treatment are critical factors that merit careful consideration. Herein, we report a compilation of five cases of malignant melanomas occurring at unusual anatomical locations, which were initially misdiagnosed, which on careful analysis with the use of immuno-histochemical stains were correctly diagnosed as malignant melanoma.

Isolated intracholecystic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: A report of a rare case.

Renal cell carcinomas are known for their unforeseeable metastatic pattern. They are known to have high metastatic potential, thus commonly associated with synchronous or metachronous metastatic presentation. At the time of diagnosis, approximately one-third of patients present with metastatic disease.

A Case of Medullary Carcinoma of Colon Morphologically Resembling Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

Medullary carcinoma of the colon is an unusual and unique histologic subtype of colorectal cancer. It is strongly associated with microsatellite instability, most commonly loss of MLH1 indicative of deficient mismatch repair proteins. Diagnosis is challenging as they do not display the usual histological pattern.

Disseminated multiloculated peritoneal inclusion cysts: Bubble trouble in belly.

Multiloculated peritoneal inclusion cysts, usually arise from peritoneal mesothelium lining the serous cavity of the abdomen, pelvis and retroperitoneum. These lesions can be incidentally found on imaging or during surgery, and confirmation of the diagnosis is done by radiological imaging, histomorphology and immunohistochemical findings. Although fewer than 200 cases of solitary peritoneal inclusion cysts have been reported, their occurrence in a disseminated fashion has hardly ever been described in literature.

Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Diagnostic Pitfall on Cytology.

Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma is an infrequent subtype of squamous cell carcinoma. This tumour variant being rare in itself has been rarely described at the penile location, thus leading to a limitation on information of pathological and immunohistochemical findings and prognosis. Clinical observations indicate an aggressive biologic behaviour.

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of ovary: Hitherto rare entity in primary ovarian tumors.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the female genital tract are extremely uncommon. These tumors can be broadly divided into well differentiated (carcinoid) and poorly differentiated NEN (small cell and large cell carcinomas). Occurrence of neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) in ovary has rarely been reported.

Synchronous Malignancies: Pathological Analysis of Three Patients, Each with Dual Malignancies.

Multiple primary malignancies are defined as two or more malignancies arising independently to each other in the same or different anatomical sites, while excluding the possibility of metastasis from the primary malignancy. Here, we present three cases, each with dual malignancies involving different anatomical locations.

Granulomatous Vulvitis: A Rare Case of Chronic Inflammatory Hypertrophy of Vulvar Labia Related to Ulcerative Colitis.

Granulomatous vulvitis (GV) is an idiopathic entity typically presenting with chronic, painless swelling of the genitals with histologic evidence of granulomatous inflammation. Granulomatous vulvitis can typically start as an acute inflammatory condition, which gradually transforms into a chronic disease with a relapsing and remitting course leading to swollen, indurated, and distorted external genitalia. Association of GV with Crohn's disease is being increasingly recognized.

Gastric Metastasis of Primary Neuroendocrine Tumor of Skin: Rare Tumor with Rare Presentation.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. It has an aggressive biological behavior and shows early local and distant metastasis. Diagnosis of MCC is a challenge and requires confirmation by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Common Variable Immunodeficiency Enteropathy and Its Unpredictable Biopsy Findings: Not Everything Is Black and White.

Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome (CVID) is a diverse entity characterized by hypogammaglobinemia and a propensity for recurrent infections. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract has a variable manifestation ranging from asymptomatic involvement to florid signs and symptoms. Due to these incongruous findings, multiple concurrent biopsies are to be done for tissue diagnosis.