Accelerated gastric emptying in hypertensive subjects.

Unlabelled: The phenomenon of accelerated gastric emptying has been previously reported in two conditions that are considered to be part of the insulin-resistance syndrome: namely, noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and increased body mass index (BMI). No previous studies have assessed the rate of gastric emptying in patients with essential hypertension, another disease considered to be part of the insulin-resistance syndrome.

Methods: Scintigraphic gastric emptying studies were performed on nine hypertensive subjects and on nine sex-, age-, ethnicity and BMI-matched controls.

Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and women. The PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth.

Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses from fatty streaks to raised lesions in adolescence and young adulthood. A cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth [PDAY]) examined the relation of risk factors for adult coronary heart disease to atherosclerosis in 1079 men and 364 women 15 through 34 years of age, both black and white, who died of external causes and were autopsied in forensic laboratories. We quantitated atherosclerosis of the aorta and right coronary artery as the extent of intimal surface involved by fatty streaks and raised lesions and analyzed postmorterm serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator of smoking).

RAG1 mediates signal sequence recognition and recruitment of RAG2 in V(D)J recombination.

Recent studies have demonstrated that DNA cleavage during V(D)J recombination is mediated by the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. These proteins must therefore bind to the recombination signals, but the specific binding interaction has been difficult to study in vitro. Here, we use an in vivo one-hybrid DNA binding assay to demonstrate that RAG1, in the absence of RAG2, can mediate signal recognition via the nonamer, with the heptamer acting to enhance its binding.

Gastric emptying of beer in Mexican-Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites.

Gastric emptying studies were performed on 11 nondiabetic Mexican-Americans and 11 nondiabetic non-Hispanic whites following ingestion of 450 mL beer. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum alcohol levels were measured in the fasting state and at 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes following ingestion of the beer. The area under the gastric emptying curve was significantly larger for non-Hispanic whites compared with Mexican-Americans (P = .

Preweaning diet programs postweaning plasma thyroxine concentrations in baboons.

We tested the hypothesis that breast- and formula-feeding of infant baboons affect postweaning plasma thyroid hormone concentrations and that differences in thyroid hormone concentrations are associated with long-term effects of infant diet on lipoprotein concentrations and cholesterol metabolism. Newborn baboons were breast-fed (n = 12) or fed formulas with a high polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fat ratio (n = 11) or with a low P/S ratio (n = 12) similar to baboon breast milk. Baboons were weaned at 14 weeks of age to a high cholesterol, saturated fat diet.

Rapid gastric emptying of a solid pancake meal in type II diabetic patients.

Objective: To estimate the rate of gastric emptying of a solid pancake carbohydrate meal in recently diagnosed asymptomatic type II diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic control subjects.

Research Design And Methods: Gastric emptying studies using radiolabeled meals were performed on eight recently diagnosed asymptomatic diabetic patients and on eight sex-, BMI- and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects. Although a liquid protein drink was administered along with the pancake meal, the radioactivity was adherent to only the pancake portion of the meal.

Role of oximeter error in the diagnosis of shunts.

We have analyzed the role that instrument error plays in the oximetric diagnosis of shunts. First, we review the accuracy specifications of instruments currently available for measuring oxyhemoglobin saturation during cardiac catheterization. Then we derive a mathematical model of a left-to-right shunt and illustrate the relationships between the magnitude of shunts and the saturation step-ups they generate.

Early determinants of adult metabolic regulation: effects of infant nutrition on adult lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

In a series of experiments over the past 20 years, we have demonstrated long-term deferred effects of infant nutrition, particularly breast- as compared with formula-feeding and overfeeding as compared with normal or underfeeding, on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations, adiposity, and atherosclerosis in the baboon, a large nonhuman primate. Low HDL-cholesterol levels and obesity are associated with accelerated progression of atherosclerosis and with increased risk of coronary heart disease in humans. We have observed other deferred effects of infant nutrition on bile acid metabolism, enzyme activities, and water and electrolyte balance, some of which may be physiologically related to HDL-cholesterol levels or to adiposity.

Relation of a postmortem renal index of hypertension to atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group.

In a cooperative multicenter study, Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, of 1164 young men 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in forensic laboratories, we measured atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. Using the ratio of intimal thickness to outer diameter of the small renal arteries to predict mean arterial pressure (MAP) during life, we classified the cases as either normotensive (MAP < 110 mm Hg) or hypertensive (MAP > or = 110 mm Hg). By this criterion, the prevalence of hypertension in blacks was 16%; in whites, 12%.

Relation of glycohemoglobin and adiposity to atherosclerosis in youth. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group.

In a cooperative multicenter study (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth, PDAY) of 1532 young persons 15 through 34 years of age who died of external causes and were autopsied in medical examiners' laboratories, we quantified atherosclerosis of the aorta and the right coronary artery. We analyzed postmortem blood cells for glycohemoglobin and postmortem serum for lipoprotein cholesterol and thiocyanate (as an indicator for smoking). We measured the thickness of the panniculus adiposus and the body mass index (weight per height squared) as indicators of adiposity.

Gastric emptying in Mexican Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites.

Mexican Americans, a group at high risk for type II diabetes mellitus, have higher postprandial insulin and glucose levels when compared to non-Hispanic whites. A rapid rate of gastric emptying contributes to an increased rate of nutrient absorption and subsequent greater elevation of postprandial glucose and insulin levels. A more rapid rate of gastric emptying and hyperinsulinemia have been observed in patients with recently diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus.

Anterior, posterior, left anterior oblique, and geometric mean views in gastric emptying studies using a glucose solution.

Previous research has shown that the single anterior view of the stomach overestimates the gastric half-emptying time of a solid meal compared to the geometric mean of the anterior and posterior views. Little research has been performed comparing the various views of gastric emptying of a glucose solution. After an overnight fast, 49 nondiabetic subjects were given a 450 ml solution containing 50 g of glucose and 200 microCi of technetium-99m sulfur colloid.

Differences in cholesterol metabolism in juvenile baboons are programmed by breast- versus formula-feeding.

We estimated the effects of breast- and formula-feeding on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism for 1.5 years after weaning in 35 newborn baboons that were breast-fed (n = 12) or fed one of two formulas with high (n = 11) or low (n = 12) polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid composition. Infants were weaned at 15 weeks to a high cholesterol, saturated fat diet.

Temporal pattern of food intake not a factor in the retardation of aging processes by dietary restriction.

Long-term dietary restriction programs which retard aging processes in rodents usually involve meal eating rather than the nibbling pattern of food intake of ad libitum fed rodents. Thus, the possibility arises that the antiaging action may at least in part result from an altered temporal pattern of food intake. This possibility was investigated using male F344 rats maintained on the following dietary regimens: Group A rats fed ad libitum; Group B rats fed 60% the ad libitum intake in a single meal at 1500 h; Group B-2 rats fed 60% of the ad libitum intake in two meals (0700 h and 1500 h).

Longitudinal study of the hematocrit of ad libitum fed and dietary restricted male F344 rats.

A longitudinal study of age-change in the hematocrit (Hct) was conducted with ad libitum fed and dietary restricted male F344 rats. A progressive fall in Hct occurred over the age range of 3 to 20 months. The magnitude of this decrease in Hct was similar in ad libitum fed and dietary restricted rats.

Preweaning diet affects bile lipid composition and bile acid kinetics in infant baboons.

We tested, with 14-wk-old baboons before weaning, the hypothesis that bile acid metabolism is differentially affected by breast feeding or by feeding formulas with a high polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio or with a low ratio, similar to that of breast milk. Bile lipid content, bile acid pool size, fractional turnover rate, synthetic rate and conjugate composition were measured in a single bile sample 9 d after an injection on d 1 of a mixture of [14C]cholic and [14C]chenodeoxycholic acids and an injection of a mixture of [3H]cholic acid and [3H]chenodeoxycholic acid on d 8. The principal biliary bile acid was chenodeoxycholic acid.

Influence of breast and formula feeding on hepatic concentrations of apolipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNAs.

We tested the hypothesis that breast and formula feeding differentially affect hepatic mRNA concentrations for LDL receptor (LDL-R) and apolipoproteins A-I, B and E in infant baboons during the preweaning period. The mRNA concentrations were measured in liver biopsies obtained prior to weaning at 14 weeks from 43 baboons that were either breast-fed (n = 17) or fed formulas with a high (n = 12) or low (n = 14) polyunsaturated/saturated (P:S) fat ratio. Breast-fed baboons had 99% higher LDL-R mRNA concentrations compared with infants fed formulas, but there were no differences among breast and formula-fed baboons in mRNA concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I, B or E.

Atherosclerosis in young white males: arterial collagen and cholesterol.

As part of a multicenter study on atherosclerosis, we examined defined segments of thoracic and abdominal aortas from 118 white males, age 15-34 years, who died from external causes. One half of each aorta specimen was graded for lesions. Intima-media preparations were assayed for collagen and cholesterol in two standardized regions (dorsal and ventral) derived from the alternate half of each segment.

Independent binding of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta to type I and type II interleukin-1 receptors.

Interleukin (IL)-1 refers to a group of three polypeptide hormones with a wide range of cellular targets. Two types of IL-1 receptor have been identified and characterized by cDNA cloning. Both human type I and type II IL-1 receptors contain extracellular domains of approximately 310 residues and a single membrane-spanning region.

Infant diet affects serum lipoprotein concentrations and cholesterol esterifying enzymes in baboons.

We characterized the preweaning differences in cholesterol metabolism between breast-fed and formula-fed baboons and determined if formulas with low and high polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratios simulated the effects of breast feeding. At birth, 45 infant baboons from three sires and 44 dams were assigned to breast-fed, low P:S formula or high P:S formula diet groups until weaning at 14 wk. From 4 to 14 wk breast-fed infants had higher serum cholesterol because of much higher HDL1- and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations but had lower HDL3-cholesterol than both formula-fed groups.

Reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetics secondary to pharmacologically induced delayed gastric emptying.

In a previous study we demonstrated that patients with recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) had significantly increased gastric emptying rates of glucose solutions compared with those of nondiabetic sex- and age-matched controls. This finding of rapid gastric emptying contrasts with the delayed gastric emptying often exhibited as a late manifestation of diabetes mellitus that is attributed to autonomic neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to determine, in seven of the patients previously studied, whether (1) an intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) would delay the gastric emptying of a liquid glucose meal and, if so, (2) whether the delay in gastric emptying would result in reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations due to prolongation of the absorption of the glucose in the liquid meal.

Diet and the suitability of the male Fischer 344 rat as a model for aging research.

There has been concern about the suitability of the male Fischer 344 (F344) rat as a model for aging research because of the high prevalence of a single disease, severe nephropathy, at advanced ages which confounds the interpretation of an aging study. In a publication from our laboratory, Iwasaki et al. (1988) reported that replacing the casein in our standard semisynthetic diet with soy protein markedly decreases the progression of nephropathy with advancing age in ad libitum fed male F344 rats.

Breast feeding and formula feeding affect differently plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in infant baboons.

We tested the hypothesis that plasma thyroid hormone levels in infant baboons are differentially affected by breast-feeding and nursery rearing. Infant baboons were breast-fed (n = 17), or fed formulas with a high polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio (P/S) (n = 13), or a low P/S formula (n = 14). Plasma total triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (fT3) concentrations increased from 4 to 14 weeks of age in infants fed either formula, but decreased in breast-fed infants.

Dietary restriction alters characteristics of glucose fuel use.

A longitudinal study of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in ad libitum fed and dietary restricted male F344 rats was carried out. The life span diurnal pattern of plasma glucose concentration was such that through most of the day dietary restricted rats have significantly lower plasma glucose levels than ad libitum fed rats. Throughout the life span, dietary restricted rats maintain mean 24-hour plasma glucose concentrations about 15% below those of ad libitum fed rats.