Children's shyness and physiological arousal to a peer's social stress.

Previous work has shown that children's shyness is related to personal anxiety during social stress, but we know little about how shyness is related to anxiety during a peer's social stress. Children (M  = 10.22 years, SD = 0.

Emotion dynamics among preadolescents getting to know each other: Dyadic associations with shyness.

The way children express and respond to emotions when they first meet is crucial to friendship initiation. But for highly shy children, these exchanges are particularly challenging. Existing research is based on individual and total frequency measures of emotion that do not reflect the transactional and dynamic nature of emotions in real-life peer interactions.

The Prominence of Self-referential Processing across ERP and Memory Consolidation in Children.

We examined behavioral and electrophysiological indices of self-referential and valence processing during a Self-Referential Encoding Task in 9- to 12-year-old children, followed by surprise memory tasks for self- and other-referential trait adjectives. Participants endorsed more positive than negative self-referential information but equally endorsed positive and negative information about the other character. Children demonstrated enhanced parietal LPP amplitudes in response to self- compared to other-referential trait adjectives.

Mind wandering and executive dysfunction predict children's performance in the metronome response task.

Mind wandering is a ubiquitous experience during adulthood and has received significant scholarly attention in recent years. Relatively few studies, however, have examined the phenomenon in children. Building on recent work, the current study examined the frequency and validity of children's reports of mind wandering while completing a minimalistic task previously unused in past child research-the Metronome Response Task (MRT) [Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (2013), Vol.

Understanding the Emergence of Social Anxiety in Children With Behavioral Inhibition.

Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament characterized in early childhood by distress to novelty and avoidance of unfamiliar people, and it is one of the best-known risk factors for the development of social anxiety. However, nearly 60% of children with BI do not go on to meet criteria for social anxiety disorder. In this review we present an approach to understanding differential developmental trajectories among children with BI.

Shyness and perceived monitoring by peers affect children's performance in a divided attention task.

To engage effectively in a dynamic social world, children must be prepared to process incoming information quickly and efficiently. For some, the perception that one may be evaluated by peers may directly affect how they attend to and engage with the world around them. The current study examined how children's performance on a hierarchical figures task varies under perceived social and nonsocial conditions as a function of temperamental shyness.

Chimpanzees gesture to humans in mirrors: using reflection to dissociate seeing from line of gaze.

There is much experimental evidence suggesting that chimpanzees understand that others see. However, previous research has never experimentally ruled out the alternative explanation that chimpanzees are just responding to the geometric cue of 'direct line of gaze', the observable correlate of seeing in others. Here, we sought to resolve this ambiguity by dissociating seeing from direct line of gaze using a mirror.