Clinicians' experiences of learning to use eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy with people with intellectual disabilities: A qualitative study.

Background: Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is a NICE recommended treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder within the general population. Ongoing research is now investigating the use of EMDR for individuals with intellectual disability. Alongside quantitative research efforts, it is beneficial to explore the qualitative experience of clinicians adopting EMDR in their practice.

Epidemiology and management of a bovine brucellosis cluster in Northern Ireland.

An epidemiological investigation was undertaken of 41 bovine brucellosis outbreaks that occurred within a 10-month period, in a region where eradication measures appeared to be succeeding. The primary outbreak comprised three herds with significant within-herd spread and a high probability of multiple abortions. Direct contact between cattle at pasture was the most likely means of between-herd transmission for most (71%) outbreaks, with an attack rate of 28.

Visual problems as a result of brain damage in children.

Affected children include those with cerebral palsy, who may or may not have learning difficulties, and those with profound brain damage causing cerebral blindness

Anterior segment ischaemia with giant cell arteritis.

Case Report: A 69-year-old male presented with bilateral blurred vision, left periocular pain, and headache. Ocular examination revealed a right optic neuropathy and left anterior segment ischaemia. An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) raised suspicion of giant cell arteritis (GCA), which was confirmed by temporal artery biopsy.

Improving hand-washing performance - a crossover study of hand-washing in the orthopaedic department.

Introduction: Effective hand-washing is essential for reducing the spread of infection in hospitals. We aimed to evaluate hand-washing performance of hospital personnel and to determine if this could be improved by education.

Materials And Methods: A total of 55 personnel working in the orthopaedic department were asked to clean their hands using an alcohol gel containing a clear fluorescent substance.

Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running.

The case is presented of carotid artery dissection causing Horner's syndrome in a 25 year old woman after treadmill running. She presented with characteristic eye signs and mild pain. Early diagnosis and treatment was associated with no long term, serious complications.

One plunge or two?--hand disinfection with alcohol gel.

Objective: To compare health care workers' hand surface coverage using two different volumes of alcohol gel for hand disinfection.

Participants: and methods. A total of 84 members of staff in our hospital were studied.

The prevalence of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is said to be an extremely rare condition but is clinically important because it can be confused with primary hyperparathyroidism. The biochemical features of the two conditions are similar, but the former is benign while the latter can have serious clinical consequences with patients occasionally proceeding to parathyroidectomy. It is therefore important to differentiate accurately between the two.

Bovine adenovirus type 10: properties of viruses isolated from cases of bovine haemorrhagic enterocolitis.

The isolation, serological classification and growth properties of adenoviruses isolated from fatal cases of haemorrhagic enterocolitis in calves are described. Four viruses, from different submissions, were isolated in cultures of calf testis cells and were identified as adenoviruses by electron microscopy. The four isolates were serologically identical and were classified as bovine adenovirus type 10 in cross-neutralisation tests with other bovine, ovine and porcine adenovirus species.

Avian encephalomyelitis following oral vaccination.

Outbreaks of clinical avian encephalomyelitis (AE) which developed after vaccination of 14-week-old birds by the oral route are reported. Mortality during weeks 2 to 5 following vaccination reached 2%. Experimental studies showed that, in contrast to popular opinion, AE vaccine virus given orally can spread to the central nervous system and produce encephalomyelitis (mild).

Detection of influenza a type-specific antibodies in chicken and turkey sera by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

An ELISA test for detection of influenza A virus type-specific antibodies in chicken and turkey sera is described. Antigen was prepared from infected allantoic fluids using an H7N1 virus. Virus particles were disrupted using sodium deoxycholate to release internal antigens and tests were standardised by testing batches of sera from influenza-free birds.

Serological studies with reoviruses in chickens, turkeys and ducks.

Fluorescent antibody (FA) studies with avian reoviruses in chickens, turkeys and ducks are described. Detection of the group-specific antigen by FA test was investigated by titrating a reovirus antiserum on chick embryo liver cell cultures infected with 18 reovirus strains fixed on multitest slides. With 16 of the viruses, test titres were similar, indicating presence of a common antigen.

Bovine, porcine and ovine picornaviruses: identification of viruses with properties similar to human coxsackieviruses.

Eleven bovine, 19 porcine, and 3 ovine picornaviruses were tested for their ability to grow in the presence of the viral inhibitors 2-(alpha-hydroxy-benzyl)- benzimidazole (HBB) and guanidine-HC1 (GHC1). The nature of the lesions produced by inoculation of newborn mice with these viruses was also investigated. Nine bovine viruses were inhibited by both compounds, and produced skeletal myonecrosis in mice, suggesting similarities to the human coxsackie group B viruses and indicating potential pathogenicity for bovine species.

Comparative serological studies with egg drop syndrome virus.

The sensitivities of five serological tests (haemagglutination inhibition, ELISA, serum neutralisation, fluorescent antibody and agar gel immunodiffusion) for detection of Egg Drop Syndrome virus antibody were compared. In experimentally inoculated birds seroconversion was first detected at five days post-inoculation using haemagglutination inhibition, ELISA, serum neutralisation and fluorescent antibody test, and at seven days post-inoculation using agar gel immunodiffusion. Sera from birds experimentally infected with two or more different fowl adenovirus serotypes gave positive reactions in some of these tests, as did a small percentage of haemagglutination inhibition negative field sera.

Comparison of serological tests for detection of antibodies to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.

Four serological tests i.e. ELISA, serum neutralisation (SN), fluorescent antibody (FA), and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) were compared for sensitivity using several criteria, for detection and titration of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus antibodies in chicken sera.

Serologic classification of two ovine adenovirus isolates from the central United States.

Two ovine adenovirus (OAV) strains (RTS-42 and RTS-151), isolated from lambs in the central United States, were compared using 2-way cross-neutralization tests with the 6 recognized OAV species, 9 bovine adenovirus species, and 4 porcine species. Virus RTS-42 was identified as OAV type 5, confirming previous results. Virus RTS-151 was identified as OAV type 6, although the serologic crossing was largely one-sided.

Survey for antibodies to respiratory viruses in two groups of sheep in Northern Ireland.

Two hundred serum samples from Texel and Texel crossbred sheep (non-indigenous breeds) and 200 from indigenous Northern Ireland breeds (mainly Blackface, Cheviot and Border Leicester crosses) were tested for antibodies to parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial virus, bovine adenovirus (subgroups 1 and 2), influenza type A, maedi-visna virus and bovine virus diarrhoea virus. The percentage of animals with antibodies to parainfluenza virus 3 (50 to 56 per cent) and adenovirus subgroups 1 and 2 (70 to 90 per cent) was comparable in both groups. Infection of sheep with subgroup 2 adenoviruses has not previously been reported.

Vaccination against Aujeszky's disease: field experiences.

Twelve herds were investigated where outbreaks of clinical Aujeszky's disease had occurred. Clinical Aujeszky's disease was eliminated from all farms following vaccination. After vaccination was stopped in two of the six fattening herds virus was also apparently eradicated, judging from serological examination.

Studies on the antigenic relationship between bovine subgroup 2 and conventional mammalian adenoviruses using immunofluorescence.

In double immunodiffusion tests between a bovine subgroup 2 adenovirus (serotype 8) and other mammalian adenoviruses, no group-specific crossing was demonstrated. However, in cross-fluorescent antibody tests (FAT) between bovine subgroup 2 viruses (serotypes 5, 7 and 8) and conventional (non-subgroup 2) adenoviruses from several species (bovine adenovirus serotypes 1 and 2, ovine serotypes 1, 4 and 5, porcine serotype 1, and human serotypes 2 and 5) sharing of antigens was demonstrated. The FAT titres observed when rabbit antisera to conventional adenoviruses were used to stain bovine subgroup 2 viruses were, however, much lower than titres with other non-subgroup 2 viruses.

A sixth species of ovine adenovirus isolated from lambs in New Zealand.

Two adenoviruses (WV419/75 and WV757/75), isolated from lambs in New Zealand were compared using neutralisation tests with the five recognised ovine adenovirus species, NINE bovine and four porcine adenoviruses. WV419/75 did not cross-react with any of the viruses tested and represents a new ovine adenovirus species (OAV-6). WV757/75 cross-reacted with bovine adenovirus type 7 (BAV-7) with a homologous to heterologous titre ratio of 16 in one direction only, and also showed a substantial one-way cross reaction in haemagglutination-inhibition tests (WV757 antiserum inhibiting haemagglutination by BAV-7).

Isolation and serological studies with infectious bursal disease viruses from fowl, turkeys and ducks: demonstration of a second serotype.

The isolation of a number of strains of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus from fowl, turkeys and ducks is described. These isolates could be grouped into two serotypes using the neutralisation test. It is proposed that the cell culture adapted vaccine strain from fowl should be the prototype virus for serotype 1 and that the TY89 isolate from a turkey should be the prototype for serotype 2.

Isolation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens: demonstration of distinct serotypes and RNA electropherotypes.

Six isolates of rotavirus were made from turkeys and two from chickens. Three of these required trypsin treatment for isolation and serial passage in cell cultures. The remainder were isolated without trypsin treatment.