Heat Shock Alters the Proteomic Profile of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of heat stress on cell differentiation in an equine mesenchymal stem cell model (EMSC) through the application of heat stress to primary EMSCs as they progressed through the cell specialization process. A proteomic analysis was performed using mass spectrometry to compare relative protein abundances among the proteomes of three cell types: progenitor EMSCs and differentiated osteoblasts and adipocytes, maintained at 37 °C and 42 °C during the process of cell differentiation. A cell-type and temperature-specific response to heat stress was observed, and many of the specific differentially expressed proteins were involved in cell-signaling pathways such as Notch and Wnt signaling, which are known to regulate cellular development.

The Effect of Human-Horse Interactions on Equine Behaviour, Physiology, and Welfare: A Scoping Review.

Human-horse interactions (HHIs) are diverse and prominent in the equine industry. Stakeholders have an invested interest in making sure that HHIs are humane. Assessment of equine welfare goes beyond physical health and includes assessment of the emotional state of the animal.

Development of a biologically immortalized equine stem cell line.

Bone repair in horses implies invasive surgeries and increased cost. Research on musculoskeletal disorders therapy in horses includes cell-based therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stromal cells can be obtained from bone marrow (BMMSCs).

Osteogenic potential of sorted equine mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations.

The objectives of this study were to use non-equilibrium gravitational field-flow fractionation (GrFFF), an immunotag-less method of sorting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to sort equine muscle tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) into subpopulations and to carry out assays in order to compare their osteogenic capabilities. Cells from 1 young adult horse were isolated from left semitendinosus muscle tissue and from bone marrow aspirates of the fourth and fifth sternebrae. Aliquots of 800 × 10(3) MSCs from each tissue source were sorted into 5 fractions using non-equilibrium GrFFF (GrFFF proprietary system).

Application of a novel sorting system for equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

The objective of this study was to validate non-equilibrium gravitational field-flow fractionation (GrFFF), an immunotag-less method of sorting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into subpopulations, for use with MSCs derived from equine muscle tissue, periosteal tissue, bone marrow, and adipose tissue. Cells were collected from 6 young, adult horses, postmortem. Cells were isolated from left semitendinosus muscle tissue, periosteal tissue from the distomedial aspect of the right tibia, bone marrow aspirates from the fourth and fifth sternebrae, and left supragluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Evaluation of an in vivo heterotopic model of osteogenic differentiation of equine bone marrow and muscle mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin glue scaffold.

Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used as a potential cell-based therapy in various animal and human diseases. Their differentiation capacity makes them useful as a novel strategy in the treatment of tissue injury in which the healing process is compromised or delayed. In horses, bone healing is slow, taking a minimum of 6-12 months.

Characterization and osteogenic potential of equine muscle tissue- and periosteal tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in comparison with bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Objective: To characterize equine muscle tissue- and periosteal tissue-derived cells as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and assess their proliferation capacity and osteogenic potential in comparison with bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived MSCs.

Sample: Tissues from 10 equine cadavers.

Procedures: Cells were isolated from left semitendinosus muscle tissue, periosteal tissue from the distomedial aspect of the right tibia, bone marrow aspirates from the fourth and fifth sternebrae, and adipose tissue from the left subcutaneous region.

Scaffold effects on osteogenic differentiation of equine mesenchymal stem cells: an in vitro comparative study.

The in vitro viability, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization of four different equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, periosteum, muscle, and adipose tissue are compared, when they are cultured with different collagen-based scaffolds or with fibrin glue. The results indicate that bone marrow cells are the best source of MSCs for osteogenic differentiation, and that an electrochemically aggregated collagen gives the highest cell viability and best osteogenic differentiation among the four kinds of scaffolds studied.

Comparison of isolation and expansion techniques for equine osteogenic progenitor cells from periosteal tissue.

Stem cell therapy and cell-based therapies using other progenitor cells are becoming the treatment of choice for many equine orthopedic lesions. Important criteria for obtaining autogenous equine progenitor cells in vitro for use in clinical cell-based therapy include the ability to isolate and expand cells repeatedly to high numbers (millions) required for therapy, in a clinically relevant time frame. Cells must also maintain their ability to differentiate into the tissue type of choice.

Isolation, characterization, and in vitro proliferation of canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, muscle, and periosteum.

Objective: To isolate and characterize mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from canine muscle and periosteum and compare proliferative capacities of bone marrow-, adipose tissue-, muscle-, and periosteum-derived MSCs (BMSCs, AMSCs, MMSCs, and PMSCs, respectively).

Sample: -7 canine cadavers.

Procedures: -MSCs were characterized on the basis of morphology, immunofluorescence of MSC-associated cell surface markers, and expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors.

Osteoprogenitor cell therapy in an equine fracture model.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of osteoprogenitors in fibrin glue to fibrin glue alone in bone healing of surgically induced ostectomies of the fourth metacarpal bones in an equine model.

Study Design: Experimental.

Animals: Adult horses (n = 10).

Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric distension with fluid in horses.

Objective: To develop a transcutaneous ultrasonography (TUS) method for measuring the location of the stomach during various levels of fluid distension and evaluate any correlation between gastric fluid distension and stomach position.

Animals: 6 adult horses.

Procedures: Known volumes of water were administered in 2 trials.

In vitro heterogeneity of osteogenic cell populations at various equine skeletal sites.

Bone cell cultures were evaluated to determine if osteogenic cell populations at different skeletal sites in the horse are heterogeneous. Osteogenic cells were isolated from cortical and cancellous bone in vitro by an explant culture method. Subcultured cells were induced to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts.

Evaluation of a technique for collection of cancellous bone graft from the proximal humerus in horses.

Objectives: To describe a technique for collecting cancellous bone graft from the proximal humerus in horses.

Study Design: Prospective evaluation of an experimental bone graft collection technique.

Animal Population: Eight horses, 3-15 years, weighing 495-605 kg.

In vitro comparison of equine cancellous bone graft donor sites and tibial periosteum as sources of viable osteoprogenitors.

Objective: To compare the osteogenic potential of cancellous bone of conventional graft sites with that of one nonconventional site (fourth coccygeal vertebra) and to investigate the tibial periosteum as a donor site with respect to osteogenic potential.

Study Design: In vitro osteogenic cell culture system.

Sample Population: Eight adult horses.

In vitro cyclic biomechanical properties of an interlocking equine tibial nail.

Objective: To determine cyclic biomechanical properties of gap osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with an equine interlocking nail (EIN).

Study Design: In vitro experimental biomechanical investigation.

Sample Population: Thirteen adult equine cadaveric tibiae.

Limb loading activity of adult horses confined to box stalls in an equine hospital barn.

Objective: To determine a range of limb loading activity for healthy adult horses confined to box stalls in an equine veterinary teaching hospital and determine the effects of hospital environmental factors on load rates and daily limb loading patterns.

Animals: 6 mature healthy horses of various ages, breeds, and sexes, and 1 horse with a repaired metatarsal fracture.

Procedure: Step monitors were placed on 2 limbs of adult horses confined to box stalls.

An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an equine interlocking nail.

Objective: To determine the mechanical properties of Equine Interlocking Nail (EIN; JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California, Davis) stabilized osteotomized tibiae and compare these variables with estimated in vivo loads.

Study Design: In vitro biomechanical investigation.

Animals: Twelve adult equine cadaveric tibiae.

An in vitro biomechanical investigation of the mechanical properties of dynamic compression plated osteotomized adult equine tibiae.

Objective: To determine the monotonic mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with two dynamic compression plates (DCP) and to compare the mechanical properties with those of intact tibiae and in vivo loads.

Study Design: The compressive, bending, and torsional mechanical properties of plated and intact tibiae were assessed in vitro.

Animals Or Sample Population: Twelve pairs of adult equine tibiae.

In vitro biomechanical comparison of the strength of the linea alba of the llama, using two suture patterns.

Objective: To compare the strength of the sutured linea alba, in vitro, using 2 suture patterns.

Animals: 12 clinically normal llamas.

Procedure: 2 incisions in the linea alba of 12 llamas were closed with a simple continuous or inverted cruciate pattern, and tissue was harvested after 10 days.

An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail for fixation of diaphyseal tibial fractures in adult horses.

The compressive, bending and torsional mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with an interlocking intramedullary nail (nail-tibia composite) were compared with those of intact tibiae to determine the clinical applicability of the the nail for repair of tibial fractures in adult horses. The mean yield load, failure load, and stiffness for the nail-tibia composites were significantly less (P < .05) than those for the intact tibiae in all loading configurations.