Clinical and bacteriological response to treatment of clinical mastitis with one of three intramammary antibiotics.

Aim: To compare the proportions of clinical and bacteriological cure of glands of dairy cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis, following treatment with one of three different intramammary antibiotic preparations.

Methods: Cows from dairy cow herds (n=28) across New Zealand which were diagnosed with clinical mastitis in one or more glands at any stage of lactation were randomly assigned at the cow level within sequentially presented groups of three animals to be treated with one of three intramammary antibiotics. The treatments were 1 g procaine penicillin, 0.

Icon identification in context: the changing role of icon characteristics with user experience.

Objective: This research examined the relative importance of icon characteristics in determining the speed and accuracy of icon identification.

Background: Studies to date have focused on the role of one or two icon characteristics when users first experience an icon set. This means that little is known about the relative importance of icon characteristics or how the role of icon characteristics might change as users gain experience with icons.

Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in preweanling and adult rats: effects of a single drug-environment pairing.

Rationale: Adult rats typically exhibit more robust behavioral sensitization than do preweanling rats. A possible explanation for this age-dependent difference is that environmental context may have relatively less impact on the psychostimulant-induced behaviors of preweanling rats.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of environmental context for the development of cocaine-induced sensitization in preweanling and adult rats.

Effects of early methylphenidate exposure on morphine- and sucrose-reinforced behaviors in adult rats: relationship to dopamine D2 receptors.

Methylphenidate is commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in school-aged children, and there is an increasing trend to prescribe methylphenidate to younger preschool-aged children. While the efficacy of methylphenidate is not in question, there is evidence that early methylphenidate treatment may have long-term effects on later drug responsiveness. The goal of this study was to determine whether early exposure to methylphenidate would alter morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and sucrose-reinforced lever-pressing in young adult rats.

Parenteral treatment of clinical mastitis with tylosin base or penethamate hydriodide in dairy cattle.

The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and bacteriological cure rates of cows with clinical mastitis following treatment with either tylosin base (5 g injected 3 times at 24-h intervals; n = 306) or penethamate hydriodide (5 g injected 3 times at 24-h intervals; n = 289). Duplicate milk samples were collected before treatment and again 14 +/- 3 and 21 +/- 3 d later for microbiological analysis. Only those quarters from which gram-positive mastitis pathogens were isolated before treatment were included in the analyses.

Subclinical and clinical mastitis in heifers following the use of a teat sealant precalving.

This study investigated the effect in heifers of infusion of a bismuth subnitrate teat-canal sealant and bacterial intramammary infection (IMI) precalving on prevalence of postcalving IMI and incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 2 wk postcalving. Glands (n = 1,020) from heifers (n = 255) in 5 seasonally calving, pasture-fed dairy herds were randomly assigned within heifer to 1 of 4 treatment groups (no treatment; mammary gland secretion collection; infusion of a teat sealant; or sample collection with infusion of teat sealant). Heifers within a herd were enrolled on one calendar day, 31 d on average before the planned start of the seasonal calving period.

Pre- and postsynaptic actions of a partial D2 receptor agonist in reserpinized young rats: longevity of agonistic effects.

Partial D2 receptor agonists (e.g., terguride, preclamol, and aripiprazole) have antagonist-like effects at normosensitive D2 postsynaptic receptors and synthesis modulating autoreceptors.

Pharmacokinetic profile of a new modified release formulation of zolpidem designed to improve sleep maintenance.

The aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability and the pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral dose of a zolpidem modified-release (MR) 12.5-mg formulation with those of the standard 10-mg zolpidem immediate-release (IR) formulation. Absolute bioavailabilities of oral formulations were evaluated using intravenously (i.

Mathematical modeling of tumor-induced angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis, the growth of a network of blood vessels, is a crucial component of solid tumor growth, linking the relatively harmless avascular and the potentially fatal vascular growth phases of the tumor. As a process, angiogenesis is a well-orchestrated sequence of events involving endothelial cell migration and proliferation; degradation of tissue; new capillary vessel formation; loop formation (anastomosis) and, crucially, blood flow through the network. Once there is flow associated with the nascent network, subsequent growth evolves both temporally and spatially in response to the combined effects of angiogenic factors, migratory cues via the extracellular matrix, and perfusion-related hemodynamic forces in a manner that may be described as both adaptive and dynamic.

Searching for signs, symbols, and icons: effects of time of day, visual complexity, and grouping.

Searching for icons, symbols, or signs is an integral part of tasks involving computer or radar displays, head-up displays in aircraft, or attending to road traffic signs. Icons therefore need to be designed to optimize search times, taking into account the factors likely to slow down visual search. Three factors likely to adversely affect visual search were examined: the time of day at which search was carried out, the visual complexity of the icons, and the extent to which information features in the icon were grouped together.

Fibroblast migration and collagen deposition during dermal wound healing: mathematical modelling and clinical implications.

The extent to which collagen alignment occurs during dermal wound healing determines the severity of scar tissue formation. We have modelled this using a multiscale approach, in which extracellular materials, for example collagen and fibrin, are modelled as continua, while fibroblasts are considered as discrete units. Within this model framework, we have explored the effects that different parameters have on the alignment process, and we have used the model to investigate how manipulation of transforming growth factor-beta levels can reduce scar tissue formation.

Reproductive performance in the subsequent lactation of dairy cows previously treated for failure to be detected in oestrus.

Aim: To describe the effect of treatment of cows not detected in oestrus (NDO) with progesterone (P4) and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) in one lactation, on the reproductive and productive performance in the subsequent lactation.

Methods: Cows (n=770 from nine herds) which were NDO 10 days before the planned start of the seasonal breeding programme (PSM) were blocked by herd, age (2 or >2 years old) and ovarian status (i.e.

Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle.

Endometritis reduces reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Diagnosis of endometritis is undertaken using a variety of techniques including vaginoscopy, manual examination, cytology and ultrasonography. The current studies compared a novel test device ("metricheck") that is inserted into the vagina with vaginoscopy and then examined the relationship between the metricheck test score at 35 days before the start of the seasonal breeding programme and subsequent reproductive performance.

Postnatal manganese exposure attenuates cocaine-induced locomotor activity and reduces dopamine transporters in adult male rats.

In the present study, we examined whether exposing rats to manganese (Mn) during the preweanling period would affect basal or cocaine-induced locomotor activity in adulthood and reduce the number of striatal dopamine transporter binding sites. On postnatal day (PD) 1-21, rats were given oral supplements of vehicle or Mn chloride (250 or 750 microg/day). Striatal Mn and iron (Fe) accumulation as well as serum Fe levels were measured on PD 14, PD 21, and PD 90.

Reproduction performance and management of dairy cattle.

Internationally, reproductive performance of dairy cattle is declining. Under the low production, pasture-based and seasonal calving system used in New Zealand, reproductive performance is also declining, but remains higher than for many other industries. The seasonal calving system requires a high level of reproductive performance to ensure a 365 day inter-calving interval.

Mathematical modelling of dynamic adaptive tumour-induced angiogenesis: clinical implications and therapeutic targeting strategies.

Angiogenesis, the growth of a network of blood vessels, is a crucial component of solid tumour growth, linking the relatively harmless avascular growth phase and the potentially fatal vascular growth phase. As a process, angiogenesis is a well-orchestrated sequence of events involving endothelial cell migration, proliferation; degradation of tissue; new capillary vessel (sprout) formation; loop formation (anastomosis) and, crucially, blood flow through the network. Once there is blood flow associated with the nascent network, the subsequent growth of the network evolves both temporally and spatially in response to the combined effects of angiogenic factors, migratory cues via the extracellular matrix and perfusion-related haemodynamic forces in a manner that may be described as both adaptive and dynamic.

Neonatal 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exposure alters neuronal protein kinase A activity, serotonin and dopamine content, and [35S]GTPgammaS binding in adult rats.

Recreational use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has dramatically increased among juveniles and young adults of child-bearing age, and the potential for fetal exposure has increased. For this reason, it is surprising that comparatively few studies have assessed the long-term impact of early MDMA exposure on serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated exposure to MDMA during the preweanling period would cause long-term changes in 5-HT and DA functioning.

The partial dopamine D2-like receptor agonist terguride functions as an agonist in preweanling rats after a 5-day reserpine regimen.

Rationale: Treating children and adolescents with partial D2-like agonists is becoming increasingly common, although few developmental animal studies have assessed the psychopharmacology of this class of drug. Contrary to results from adult rat studies, it has been reported that partial D2-like agonists may not induce agonist-like behavioral effects in preweanling rats during states of low dopaminergic tone.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a partial D2-like agonist would act as an agonist in preweanling rats after a 5-day regimen of the dopamine-depleting agent reserpine or the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor alpha-methyl-DL-p-tyrosine (AMPT).

Effects of a partial D2-like receptor agonist on striatal dopamine autoreceptor functioning in preweanling rats.

There is evidence that partial D2-like dopamine agonists (e.g., terguride) may not affect D2-like postsynaptic receptors in an adult-typical manner during the preweanling period.

Dynamic confidence during simulated clinical tasks.

Objective: Doctors' confidence in their actions is important for clinical performance. While static confidence has been widely studied, no study has examined how confidence changes dynamically during clinical tasks.

Method: The confidence of novice (n = 10) and experienced (n = 10) trainee anaesthetists was measured during two simulated anaesthetic crises, bradycardia (easy task) and failure to ventilate (difficult task).

Central autonomic integration of psychological stressors: focus on cardiovascular modulation.

During stress the sympathoadrenal system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis act in a coordinated manner to force changes within an animal's current physiological and behavioral state. Such changes have been described as 'fight flight' or stress responses. The central nervous system may generate a stress response by different neural circuits, this being dependent upon the type of stressor presented.

Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand.

Aim: To define the incidence rate of pregnancy loss and risk factors for those losses in pasture-fed dairy cattle in the Waikato region of New Zealand.

Methods: Cows (n=2,004) from 10 pasture-fed, spring-calving dairy herds in the Waikato were enrolled following confirmation of pregnancy 29-45 days after insemination, for inseminations that occurred within the first 16 days of the seasonal breeding period. Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations for pregnancy were conducted at approximately 6, 8, 10, 14 and 22 weeks gestation, and subsequent calving data were recovered.

Factors affecting conception and expression of oestrus in anoestrous cows treated with progesterone and oestradiol benzoate.

Nutrient balance affects the resumption of ovarian cyclic activity following calving in dairy cattle. However, few data are available about the relationships between nutrient balance and expression of oestrus or conception. It was hypothesised that previously anoestrous cows that conceived to first insemination and cows that expressed oestrus at the subsequent expected return to oestrus would be less likely to be in negative energy balance (i.

Importance of D(1) receptors for associative components of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned activity: a study using D(1) receptor knockout mice.

Rationale: Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs results in conditioned activity and behavioral sensitization. Nonassociative cellular changes are necessary for behavioral sensitization, while associative processes appear to modify the sensitized response.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the absence of the D(1) receptor would disrupt associative processes modulating sensitization and conditioned activity.