Young onset dementia and driving cessation: a scoping review of lived experiences.

Background: Driving cessation is one of the most challenging life transitions, associated with multiple negative consequences for individuals living with late-onset dementia. This paper extends the literature as to date there is no published review that details the experiences of people living with young onset dementia ("YOD").

Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted using the scoping review methodology.

Positive Aspects of Dementia Caregiving During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: This project investigated experiences of caregivers of people living with dementia during COVID-19. We recorded caregivers' perceptions of care before, during, and moving forward from COVID-19, emphasizing positive experiences, coping strategies, creative care adaptation, strengths demonstrated, and benefits of providing care.

Methods: Allied health professionals conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 informal caregivers of people living with dementia.

Stimulation of endocytosis in mouse blastocysts by insulin: a quantitative morphological analysis.

The effects of insulin on the endocytic activity of mouse blastocysts in vitro were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, quantitative image analysis and electron microscopy. Confocal studies showed that fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled markers, dextran (fluid phase) and albumin (combined membrane and fluid phase), were endocytosed by blastocysts and localized within vesicles (about 2.5 microns in diameter) in the outer trophectoderm cells.

Characterization of a five-gene cluster required for the biogenesis of type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces type 4 fimbriae which promote adhesion to epithelial cells and are associated with a form of surface translocation called twitching motility. Transposon mutagenesis was used to identify loci required for fimbrial assembly or function by screening for mutants that lack the spreading colony morphology characteristic of twitching motility. Six mutants were isolated that contain transposon insertions upstream of the previously characterized gene pilQ.

In vivo endogenous spore formation by Coxiella burnetii in Q fever endocarditis.

Aims: To determine whether Coxiella burnetii, the aetiological agent of Q fever, undergoes endogenous spore-like formation, the crucial stage of the developmental cycle, in the infected cardiac valves of patients with chronic Q fever endocarditis.

Methods: Surgically removed valves from three cases of Q fever endocarditis were processed for electron microscopy. Sections were stained with potassium permanganate and uranyl acetate before being extensively examined by transmission electron microscopy.

Comparison of type I and type II Chlamydia psittaci strains infecting koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus).

The native Australian marsupial Phascolarctos cinereus, otherwise known as the koala, is prone to infection by the obligate intracellular parasite Chlamydia psittaci, which causes ocular 'pink eye' and urogenital 'dirty tail' diseases. Several chlamydial DNA probes to both chromosomal and plasmid sequences were used to type by Southern blot analysis 51 samples taken from wild and captive koalas from habitats on the eastern seaboard of Australia as far apart as Queensland and Victoria. Two types of C.

Electron microscopy of Coxiella burnetii in tissue culture. Induction of cell types as products of developmental cycle.

An in vitro ultrastructural study was carried out on tissue cultures (J774, murine macrophage-like tumour cell line, and BHK-21, baby hamster kidney cell line) persistently infected with C. burnetii to investigate whether the events of cellular differentiation could be visualized. At a given stage of the developmental cycle, a proportion of the cells within the affected phagolysosomes clearly underwent cellular differentiation.

Antigenic differences between Coxiella burnetii cells revealed by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antigenic structures of the morphologically distinct cells of the Coxiella burnetii developmental cycle. Postembedding immunoelectron microscopy with polyclonal antibodies produced in rabbits to (i) phase I cells, (ii) a chloroform-methanol residue fraction of cells, (iii) the cell walls (CW) of large and small cells and small dense cells (SDC), and (iv) the peptidoglycan-protein complexes of small cells and SDC labelled the continuum of morphologically distinct cells. But these antibodies did not distinguish between the antigenic structures of the various cells.

Localization of DNA in Coxiella burnetii by post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy.

The deoxyribonucleic acid of Coxiella burnetii was detected with monoclonal antibodies against single-stranded and double-stranded DNA by post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. The antibody labeled the nucleoid of the spore, the small cell variant (SCV), and the large cell variant (LCV). The DNA was segregated completely in both the spore and the mother cell.

Inactivation of Coxiella burnetii by gamma irradiation.

The gamma radiation inactivation kinetics for Coxiella burnetii at -79 degrees C were exponential. The radiation dose needed to reduce the number of infective C. burnetii by 90% varied from 0.

Roles of the Fc receptor and respiratory burst in killing of Rickettsia prowazekii by macrophagelike cell lines.

It is known that the virulent strain of Rickettsia prowazekii grows in macrophagelike cell lines, but if the rickettsiae are treated with antirickettsial serum before infection, the intracellular rickettsiae fail to grow and are destroyed. The uptake of rickettsiae by macrophagelike cell lines was increased by treatment of the rickettsiae with immune serum and with purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from this serum but not by treatment with the F(ab')2 fragment derived from this IgG. This suggested that the normal rickettsial pathway of entry could be augmented by the Fc receptor-mediated pathway.

Fulminant hepatitis. An ultrastructural study.

Ultrastructural changes were observed in 23 consecutive patients who died from fulminant hepatic failure due to hepatitis B virus (4 cases), sporadic non-A, non-B (7), or paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose (12) and in 3 patients with subacute hepatic necrosis of unknown cause. The findings are described in detail in 12 of these patients. Fatal fulminant hepatitis was characterised by massive confluent necrosis accompanied by collapse of reticulin framework and sudden drop-out of liver cells.

Acute glandular fever-like illness in a patient with HTLV-III antibody.

A lymph node biopsy obtained from a patient with human T-cell lymphocytotropic virus III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) antibody, presenting with an acute glandular fever-like illness, was examined by electron microscopy. Numerous pathological changes were present in the biopsy, including hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, intracytoplasmic rod-like inclusions within the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, multivesicular bodies, test-tube and ring-shaped forms, and tubulo-reticular structures. Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral-like particles measuring 105-120 nm in diameter and small cytoplasmic particles measuring 50-70 nm in diameter were found in some degenerating lymph node cells.

Maternal transmission of duck hepatitis B virus in pedigree Pekin ducks.

A 14-month old female Pekin duck experimentally infected as an embryo with duck hepatitis B virus via the amniotic route has been a chronic carrier of duck hepatitis B virus with very high (P/N) values of DNA polymerase activity since hatching. All the progeny were, on evaluation for congenital infection, found to be duck hepatitis B virus positive by endogenous DNA polymerase reaction and electron microscopy. These offspring remained persistently viremic throughout the study.

Studies by electron microscopy on the assembly of duck hepatitis B virus in the liver.

Liver specimens from 1-day-old ducklings infected in ovo with maternally transmitted duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were examined by electron microscopy. Complete and incomplete DHBV particles were located within hypertrophied cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. The complete viral particles found intracellularly have inner cores with a diameter ranging from 35 to 37.

Experimental in ovo transmission of duck hepatitis B virus.

Inoculation of fertile Pekin duck eggs with diluted serum containing DHBV into eggs incubated for 24 h and into the extra-embryonic cavities of 14-day-old embryos resulted in a high proportion of viraemic ducklings irrespective of the route of inoculation. Long-term observation of som of the ducks established that the viraemia induced experimentally is long-lasting and has persisted for periods up to 16 mth post-hatch. Separation of DHBV from the plasma of carrier ducks by rate zonal centrifugation was examined by DNA polymerase (DNAP) activity.

Biochemical and immunological properties of Coxiella burnetii cell wall and peptidoglycan-protein complex fractions.

Coxiella burnetii morphological cell types were fractionated into large-cell variant cell walls, two fractions of small-cell variant cell walls, and one fraction of small-cell variant whole cells. Based on the contents of peptidoglycan (PG)-constituents and the yields of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-insoluble PG-protein complex (PG-PC) from cell walls, the fraction of large-cell variant cell walls contained significantly less PG than did the fraction of small-cell variant cell walls. The yields of PG-PC from the fractions of large-cell variant cell walls and small-cell variant cell walls were 2 and 32%, respectively.

Persistent lymphadenopathy in homosexual men: a clinical and ultrastructural study.

Ultrastructural changes (tubuloreticular structures and tube and ring shaped forms) previously described in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are described for the first time in the lymph nodes and circulating lymphocytes of patients with persistent lymphadenopathy. These observations support the view that the persistent lymphadenopathy syndrome and AIDS are caused by the same transmissible agent(s).

Intracytoplasmic inclusions in human hepatocytes in non-A, non-B hepatitis: an ultrastructural study.

An ultrastructural study was carried out on 114 liver biopsies obtained for diagnostic purposes from patients with various pathological disorders of the liver including hepatitis B-related liver disease, non-A, non-B hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty change, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. The opportunity was taken to evaluate the significance of intracytoplasmic crystalline structures found in the hepatocytes of nine patients with a variety of liver disorders. The cytoplasmic inclusions varied in size up to 2 microns in length and shape and were not limited by membranes.

A study of ultrastructural alterations in experimental non-A, non-B hepatitis by electron-beam analysis.

An electron-beam X-ray microanalysis was carried out on sections of liver biopsy specimens obtained from chimpanzees infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis. The microanalysis was concentrated over areas where typical derangement of the endoplasmic reticulum, with the formation of tubular forms possessing walls with electron-dense central membrane, was visualized. These tubular structures are regarded as the most notable pathological alteration in affected hepatocytes.

Application of electron microscopy to the study of structural changes in the liver in non-A, non-B hepatitis.

Ultrastructural studies employing techniques such as alternative electron metal stain, high-angle tilting and high-voltage electron microscopy were carried out on liver biopsies obtained from chimpanzees infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis. Typical derangement of the endoplasmic reticulum leading to the formation of tubular structures in hepatocytes was observed. The use of potassium permanganate as an alternative stain revealed two features which have not been previously described.

Non-A, non-B hepatitis: a case report.

Ultrastructural changes in a liver biopsy obtained for diagnostic purposes from a patient with suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis were consistent with hepatitis and included dilatation and disaggregation of the endoplasmic reticulum, hepatocyte disarray, and variations in mitochondrial size. In addition, some foci of hepatocytes showed atypical cytoplasmic changes including intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudo-inclusions, consisting basically of invaginations of the cytoplasmic mass into the nucleus, glycogen deposits in the same nuclei, and frequently accumulations of fat droplets. The mitochondria were generally pleomorphic, and occasionally the mitochondrial cristae were arranged longitudinally.

Examination of crystalline arrays in non-A, non-B hepatitis.

Individual patients within crystalline arrays found in the endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids in experimental non-A, non-B hepatitis were examined by the Markham rotation technique. The particles appeared to possess an outer structure with 16-18 divisions. The presence of the crystalline structures is probably a reflection of host cell response to infection.

Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations.

Coxiella burnetii is a gram-variable obligate intracellular bacterium which carries out its development cycle in the phagolysosome of eucaryotic cells. Ultrastructural analysis of C. burnetii, in situ and after Renografin purification, by transmission electron microscopy of lead-stained thin sections has revealed extreme pleomorphism as demonstrated by two morphological cell types, a large cell variant (LCV) and a small cell variant (SCV).