Noninvasive Glucose Monitor Using Dielectric Spectroscopy.

Objective: The Alertgy noninvasive continuous glucose monitor (ANICGM) is a novel wristband device that reports glucose levels without entailing skin puncture. This study evaluated the performance of the ANICGM compared to a Food and Drug Administration-approved glucose meter in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The ANICGM device measures changes in the electromagnetic field generated by its sensor to produce a dielectric spectrum.

Ethically designing research to inform multidimensional, rapidly evolving policy decisions: Lessons learned from the PROMISE HIV Perinatal Prevention Trial.

Research in rapidly evolving policy contexts can lead to the following ethical challenges for sponsors and researchers: the study's standard of care can become different than what patients outside the study receive, there may be political or other pressure to move ahead with unproven interventions, and new findings or revised policies may decrease the relevance of ongoing studies. These ethical challenges are considerable, but not unprecedented. In this article, we review the case of a multinational, randomized, controlled perinatal HIV prevention trial, the "PROMISE" (Promoting Maternal Infant Survival Everywhere) study.

Congenital Syphilis Case Surveillance in South Africa 2017-19: Experience, Challenges and Opportunities.

Background: Untreated or inadequately treated maternal syphilis infection may be transmitted from mother to child resulting in congenital syphilis (CS) infection. In South Africa (SA), CS is a notifiable medical condition (NMC). The NMC surveillance system (NMCSS) was improved by introducing an electronic notification application, a new case notification form and training resources in July 2017.

Epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo province, South Africa - 2017.

Background: Typhoid fever remains a public health concern in South Africa, where the risk of transmission is high because of poor access to safe water and sanitation. This study describes the investigation of typhoid fever outbreak in Limpopo province.

Methodology: Following notification of laboratory-confirmed cases, a descriptive study was conducted at Sekhukhune District, Limpopo province.

Single-cell imaging of T cell immunotherapy responses in vivo.

T cell immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment for a subset of cancers. Yet, a major hurdle has been the lack of facile and predicative preclinical animal models that permit dynamic visualization of T cell immune responses at single-cell resolution in vivo. Here, optically clear immunocompromised zebrafish were engrafted with fluorescent-labeled human cancers along with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and antibody peptide epitope conjugates (APECs), allowing real-time single-cell visualization of T cell-based immunotherapies in vivo.

Adherence to self-administered biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs across health-system specialty pharmacies.

Purpose: Adherence to self-administered biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) is necessary for therapeutic benefit. Health-system specialty pharmacies (HSSPs) have reported high adherence rates across several disease states; however, adherence outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) populations have not yet been established.

Methods: We performed a multisite retrospective cohort study including patients with RA and 3 or more documented dispenses of bDMARDs from January through December 2018.

The importation and establishment of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the first eight weeks of the South African COVID-19 epidemic.

Background: We describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in South Africa following importation and during implementation of stringent lockdown measures.

Methods: Using national surveillance data including demographics, laboratory test data, clinical presentation, risk exposures (travel history, contacts and occupation) and outcomes of persons undergoing COVID-19 testing or hospitalised with COVID-19 at sentinel surveillance sites, we generated and interpreted descriptive statistics, epidemic curves, and initial reproductive numbers (Rt).

Findings: From 4 March to 30 April 2020, 271,670 SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were performed (462 tests/100,000 persons).

Association of Postoperative Clinical Outcomes With Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Nutritional Status in Older Patients With Colorectal Cancer: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Older patients account for a significant proportion of patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery and are vulnerable to a number of preoperative risk factors that are not often present in younger patients. Further, three preoperative risk factors that are more prevalent in older adults include frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition. Although each of these has been studied in isolation, there is little information on the interplay between them in older surgical patients.

Personal Protective Equipment Adherence of Pediatric Resuscitation Team Members During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Study Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers have had the highest risk of infection among essential workers. Although personal protective equipment (PPE) use is associated with lower infection rates, appropriate use of PPE has been variable among health care workers, even in settings with COVID-19 patients. We aimed to evaluate the patterns of PPE adherence during emergency department resuscitations that included aerosol-generating procedures.

Psychometric properties of concussion knowledge and cognitive mediators of reporting measures.

: Concussion education and prevention programs require reliable and valid instruments to evaluate the theory, mechanisms, and outcome of these interventions : To assess the psychometric properties of measures evaluating concussion education and prevention programs: Descriptive epidemiological Setting: 10 NCAA-member universities : 841 student-athletes in an RCT control group testing an ecological, peer-led concussion education program : Instruments adapted for assessing concussion knowledge and Theory of Planned Behavior/Theory of Reasoned Action (TPB/TRA) cognitive mediators of reporting behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, and intentions to report concussion). Participants completed measures at baseline, after one hour, and after one month : Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were moderate for both the concussion knowledge and cognitive mediator measures. TPB/TRA was supported subscale intercorrelation and item factor analysis in the cognitive mediator scale.

Evaluating COVID-19 reporting data in the context of testing strategies across 31 low- and middle-income countries.

Background: The case count for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the predominant measure used to track epidemiological dynamics and inform policy decision-making. Case counts, however, are influenced by testing rates and strategies, which have varied over time and space. A method to interpret COVID-19 case counts consistently in the context of other surveillance data is needed, especially for data-limited settings in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

The MOBILISE study: utilisation of ambulatory pumps in the inpatient setting to administer continuous antibiotic infusions-a randomised controlled trial.

In the inpatient setting, antibiotics are generally administered via bedside pumps with multiple daily dosing. Utilisation of a continuous antibiotic infusion (CAI) instead might have patient and nursing satisfaction, workflow efficiencies and infection control benefits. We aimed to study the utilisation of CAI in the inpatient setting for routine antibiotic administration.

Maternal Socialization is Associated with Prosocial Behavior in At-Risk Young Children.

Prosocial behaviors are a key component of young children's developing social competence. The current study examines the impact of two types of maternal socialization on young children's prosocial behaviors: emotional expressiveness (defined as maternal displayed positive and negative affect) and direct coaching of prosocial responses and explores the relationship of these socialization behaviors with mothers' own histories of psychosocial risk. An ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample from the United States of 80 mother-child dyads at high risk for violence exposure was assessed when the children were preschool age.

Correction to: Day-case pelvic osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.14.

Neurophysiological patterns associated with blunted emotional face processing and withdrawal tendencies in young children exposed to intimate partner violence.

Studies linking child maltreatment to abnormal neurophysiological responses to emotional stimuli and mental health impairment have not specifically explored these patterns in young children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The present study examined two neurophysiological indicators, resting-state electroencephalography and an emotion event-related potential (ERP) in 21 IPV exposed and 30 nonexposed children ages 4-6 years recruited from the community and domestic violence shelters. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) was assessed while at rest.

Impact of COVID-19-related disruptions to measles, meningococcal A, and yellow fever vaccination in 10 countries.

Background: Childhood immunisation services have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. WHO recommends considering outbreak risk using epidemiological criteria when deciding whether to conduct preventive vaccination campaigns during the pandemic.

Methods: We used two to three models per infection to estimate the health impact of 50% reduced routine vaccination coverage in 2020 and delay of campaign vaccination from 2020 to 2021 for measles vaccination in Bangladesh, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Sudan, for meningococcal A vaccination in Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria, and for yellow fever vaccination in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, and Nigeria.

Asymptomatic COVID-19 in South Africa - implications for the control of transmission.

Asymptomatic COVID-19 may contribute significantly to the pandemic trajectory based on global biological, epidemiological and modelling evidence. A retrospective analysis was done to determine the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 in the workplace during the lockdown period from 27 March to 31 May 2020. We found that nearly 45% of cases were asymptomatic at the time of the first test.

Maternal posttraumatic stress and FKBP5 Genotype interact to predict trauma-related symptoms in preschool-age offspring.

Background: Children of parents with posttraumatic stress (PTS) face heightened risk for developing emotional and behavioral problems, regardless of whether they experience a traumatic event themselves. The current study investigates whether child FKBP5, a stress relevant gene shown to interact with child trauma exposure to increase risk for PTS, also moderates the well-established link between maternal PTS and child symptoms.

Methods: Data are derived from a longitudinal lab-based study for which 205 dyads of trauma-exposed mothers and their preschool-age children from a sample enriched for violence exposure provided DNA samples and completed measures of maternal and child trauma-related symptoms.

Long term observation of hydrogel buckle intrusion without vision loss.

Hydrogel buckle intrusion due to progressive swelling is a known complication, which usually requires surgical intervention due to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or progressive encroachment into the optic nerve or macula. Hydrogel buckle surgery with successful retinal detachment repair was performed in this one-eyed physician in 1990, and there was slow progressive intrusion towards the macula and optic nerve without surgical intervention for 30 years and with visual acuity maintained at 20/40.

Social deprivation and paediatric chronic pain referrals in Ireland: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Social deprivation is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic pain in children and an under-representation in specialist paediatric chronic pain programs. Our primary objective was to determine if there was a relationship between social deprivation and paediatric chronic pain referrals in Ireland. Secondary objectives included analysing for differences between deprivation groups in pain characteristics and function that are recorded at first clinic visit.

Differential immune imprinting by influenza virus vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates.

Immune memory of a first infection with influenza virus establishes a lasting imprint. Recall of that memory dominates the response to later infections or vaccinations by antigenically drifted strains. Early childhood immunization before infection may leave an imprint with different characteristics.