Invited review: Sugar reduction in dairy products.

Sugar overconsumption continues to increase worldwide and contributes to multiple health-related issues. Dairy foods represent a large market, grossing more than $125 billion per year worldwide. Consumer demands for healthier products are leading to a large push for sugar reduction in dairy foods.

The Space Station Freedom Flight Telerobotic Servicer: the design and evolution of a dexterous space robot.

The Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) Project at the Goddard Space Flight Center is developing an advanced telerobotic system to assist in and reduce crew extravehicular activity (EVA) for Space Station) Freedom (SSF). The FTS will provide a telerobotic capability to the Freedom Station in the early assembly phases of the program and will be employed for assembly, maintenance, and inspection applications throughout the lifetime of the space station. Appropriately configured elements of the FTS will also be employed for robotic manipulation in remote satellite servicing applications and possibly the Lunar/Mars Program.

Quantitating antinociception with experimentally induced pain. Terminology, guidelines, and in vivo models.

This article is an introduction to experimental evaluation of putative analgesic agents and experimental paradigms. It reviews the major ethical and legal considerations that must be considered prior to undertaking experimental protocols involving humans or experimental animals. Also considered are those fundamental concepts of the pain response that are important in evaluating analgesic drugs.

Endorphinergic modulation of immune function: potent action of the dipeptide glycyl-L-glutamine.

Glycyl-L-glutamine (GLG), the carboxy terminal dipeptide of B-endorphin, inhibits brainstem neuronal activity. It also occurs along with B-endorphin in pituitary secretory vesicles suggesting a neurosecretory role for this dipeptide. We have evaluated potential immunoregulatory actions of this compound using the Phytohemaglutinin (PHA) blastogenesis and the concanavalin A (ConA) suppressor cell induction assays.

Central and peripheral actions of salicylate in altering nonpyrogenic thermoregulation of rats.

The effects on body temperature of intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal sodium salicylate were evaluated in anesthetized and nonanesthetized, nonrestrained rats. Also, the effects of various neurotransmitter receptor blocking drugs were evaluated on salicylate-induced hypothermia of nonanesthetized animals. Sodium salicylate, 150-350 mg/kg induced a dose-related hypothermia of unanesthetized animals.

Modulation of human T-cell suppressor activity by beta endorphin and glycyl-L-glutamine.

beta-endorphin (10(-7) M) induced suppressor cell activity in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures comparable to that of concanavalin A (Con A) (60 micrograms/ml). beta-endorphin and Con A, when used together during the induction portion of the suppressor assays, displayed synergistic activity. In contrast, glycyl-L-glutamine, the carboxy terminal dipeptide of beta-endorphin, inhibited development of Con A induced suppressor activity.

Beta-endorphin modulates human immune activity via non-opiate receptor mechanisms.

Here we report that Beta-endorphin is a potent and efficacious suppressor of phytohemagglutinin induced T-lymphocyte blastogenesis when human leukocytes are exposed early in the course of mitogenic activation. This suppression becomes more difficult to observe, however, if blastogenesis is established by prior exposure to mitogen. Suppression by Beta-endorphin is not blocked by pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone.

Effects of amino acids, especially taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), on analgesia and calcium depletion induced by morphine in mice.

The analgesic effect of morphine was antagonized in mice by intracerebroventricular pretreatment with taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine and was potentiated by ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) but not altered by L-glutamate or L-aspartate. The potentiation of morphine analgesia by EGTA was reversed by a concentration of taurine that did not alter the tail-flick response. The selective depletion of 45Ca2+ from synaptic vesicles observed with morphine administration was significantly inhibited by taurine injection (1.