Case-Cohort Studies: Design and Applicability to Hand Surgery.

Observational studies are common research strategies in hand surgery. The case-cohort design offers an efficient and resource-friendly method for risk assessment and outcomes analysis. Case-cohorts remain underrepresented in upper extremity research despite several practical and economic advantages over case-control studies.

Tobacco Use and Sexual Orientation in a National Cross-sectional Study: Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual Identity-Attraction Differences.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to determine the past-year prevalence estimates of any nicotine/tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder based on sexual identity among U.S. adults, and to examine potential variations in these estimates by age, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity-attraction concordance/discordance.

Sources of opioid medication for misuse in older adults: results from a nationally representative survey.

Despite increasing rates of prescription opioid (PO) misuse in adults 50 years of age and older, little research has investigated such misuse in this population. This work aimed to examine sources of misused opioid medication in adults 50 years and older, with comparisons to younger groups. Data were from the 2009 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health surveys.

Sources of Prescription Medication Misuse Among Young Adults in the United States: The Role of Educational Status.

Objective: This study examined prescription drug misuse (PDM), sources of PDM, and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms as a function of educational status among US young adults based on a large nationally representative sample.

Methods: Data from the 2009-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health came from a sample of 106,845 young adults aged 18-25 years. Respondents were categorized by educational status and PDM, sources of PDM, other substance use, and SUD symptoms, with analyses performed separately for prescription opioids, stimulants, and sedatives/tranquilizers.

How Collegiate Fraternity and Sorority Involvement Relates to Substance Use During Young Adulthood and Substance Use Disorders in Early Midlife: A National Longitudinal Study.

Purpose: To assess how social fraternity involvement (i.e., membership and residence) in college relates to substance use behaviors and substance use disorder symptoms during young adulthood and early midlife in a national sample.

Sexual Orientation Discrimination and Tobacco Use Disparities in the United States.

Introduction: Differences in tobacco/nicotine use by sexual orientation are well documented. Development of interventions requires attention to the etiology of these differences. This study examined associations among sexual orientation discrimination, cigarette smoking, any tobacco/nicotine use, and DSM-5 tobacco use disorder (TUD) in the United States.

Sports involvement, injury history, and non-medical use of prescription opioids among college students: An analysis with a national sample.

Background And Objectives: The United States is in the midst of a prescription drug epidemic, particularly related to opioids. To more effectively deal with the devastating outcomes associated with non-medical use of prescription opioids (NUPO), research is needed to identify populations at increased risk. The current research builds on a small number of studies that have shown that adolescents involved in competitive sports are more likely to report NUPO.

Does misuse lead to a disorder? The misuse of prescription tranquilizer and sedative medications and subsequent substance use disorders in a U.S. longitudinal sample.

Objectives: We used two waves of National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data and examined whether the misuse of prescription tranquilizers or sedatives at Wave 1 was associated with either continued misuse, tranquilizer/sedative use disorder, or other substance use disorder (SUD) at Wave 2.

Methods: Prospective data were analyzed from structured diagnostic interviews using the Alcohol Use disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule: DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-DSM-IV). A nationally representative sample of 34,653 of U.

Persistent Opioid Use Among Pediatric Patients After Surgery.

Background: Despite efforts to reduce nonmedical opioid misuse, little is known about the development of persistent opioid use after surgery among adolescents and young adults. We hypothesized that there is an increased incidence of prolonged opioid refills among adolescents and young adults who received prescription opioids after surgery compared with nonsurgical patients.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study by using commercial claims from the Truven Health Marketscan research databases from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014.

Research: Validity of Measurements when Reusing Icare Probes.

Background: It has been reported that reusing Icare tonometer probes may not pose a considerable risk of transmission of infection, thereby supporting this practice under extraordinary circumstances, such as mass glaucoma screenings in developing countries. The present study sought to determine whether reusing the probes reduced the validity of pressure readings.

Methods: Thousands of measurements were made with the same Icare probe on a purpose-built calibration device.

Effect of a Scenario-tailored Opioid Messaging Program on Parents' Risk Perceptions and Opioid Decision-making.

Objectives: Poor parental understanding of prescription opioid risks is associated with potentially dangerous decisions that can contribute to adverse drug events (ADE) in children and adolescents. This study examined whether an interactive Scenario-tailored Opioid Messaging Program (STOMP) would (1) enhance opioid risk perceptions and (2) improve the safety of parents' decision-making.

Materials And Methods: In total, 546 parents were randomized to receive the STOMP versus control information and 516 completed the program.

The impact of death awareness on sizes of self-representational objects.

People seem to have a tendency to increase the relative size of self-representational objects. Prior research suggests that motivational factors may fuel that tendency, so the present research built from terror management theory to examine whether existential motivations - engendered by concerns about death - may have similar implications for self-relevant size biases. Specifically, across two studies (total N = 288), we hypothesized that reminders of death would lead participants to inflate the size of self-representational objects.

Does routine carpal tunnel release during fixation of distal radius fractures improve outcomes?

Objective: This case-control study was designed to test the hypothesis whether carpal tunnel release (CTR) during fixation of distal radius 23-C2 AO fractures improves outcomes.

Methods: Thirty-five consecutive patients who sustained distal radius fractures of the dominant hand participated in this study. Patients were allocated into two groups: (a) The ORIF + CTR (16 patients (11 males and 5 females)); (b) the ORIF and NOT CTR 19 patients (12 males and 7 females).

Prevalence of Concussion Among US Adolescents and Correlated Factors.

This study uses a national survey of US adolescents to examine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported diagnosed concussions to target and monitor prevention efforts.

A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs.

Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural-consensus theory (CCT) provides a framework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservation-education context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.

Adolescent Sports Participation, E-cigarette Use, and Cigarette Smoking.

Introduction: Although sport participation among adolescents has been found to lower the risk of traditional cigarette smoking, no studies to date have assessed if this type of physical activity lowers the risk of e-cigarette use among adolescents.

Methods: National data from the 2014 and 2015 Monitoring the Future study of 12th-grade students were used and analyses were conducted in 2016. Measures for past 30-day e-cigarette use and traditional cigarette smoking were used to assess differences between adolescents who participated in at least one competitive sport during the past year and adolescents who did not.

Multiple DSM-5 substance use disorders: A national study of US adults.

Objective: Our aim is to determine the lifetime and past-year prevalence estimates of multiple Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) substance use disorders (SUDs) among U.S. adults.

High-intensity drinking and nonmedical use of prescription drugs: Results from a national survey of 12th grade students.

Background: Nearly 10% of U.S. 12th graders report high-intensity drinking (10+ or 15+ drinks in a row), but the extent to which these drinkers also engage in nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is largely unknown.

Neuropsychological functioning in college students who misuse prescription stimulants.

Background And Objectives: Relatively little is known about the neuropsychological profiles of college students who misuse prescription stimulant medications.

Methods: Data presented are from college students aged 18-28 years who misused prescription stimulants prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and controls (no prescription stimulant misuse). Students were assessed neuropsychologically using the self-report Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF-A), the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test and Battery (CANTAB), and other tests of cognitive functioning.

Reliability, Feasibility and Value of Ecography in Clinical-functional Results in Patients Affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: is There a Correlation?

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the ultrasound examination in the carpal tunnel diagnosis could contribute to the clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. This was done by evaluating the cross-sectional area (CSA) and its correlation with symptoms and functionality data assessed by the BTQC questionnaire.

Methods: 60 patients were subjected to open CTR for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome.

The 3-Year Course of Multiple Substance Use Disorders in the United States: A National Longitudinal Study.

Objective: To examine the 3-year course of multiple co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) based on longitudinal survey data from a large, nationally representative sample.

Methods: National estimates of the prevalence of DSM-IV SUDs were derived by analyzing data from structured, face-to-face diagnostic interviews as part of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which collected data from a large, nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized US adults at 2 waves (2001-2002 and 2004-2005; N = 34,653).

Results: US adults with multiple past-year SUDs at Wave 1 were substantially more likely than those with an individual past-year SUD or no SUD at Wave 1 to report at least 1 past-year SUD at Wave 2 (66.

E-cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, Dual Use, and Problem Behaviors Among U.S. Adolescents: Results From a National Survey.

Purpose: There is a need to obtain greater clarity regarding adolescents' e-cigarette use and the associations of use with a wider range of risk behaviors. This study examines the associations among past-month e-cigarette use only, traditional cigarette smoking only, dual use (i.e.

Competitive sports participation in high school and subsequent substance use in young adulthood: Assessing differences based on level of contact.

The objective of this analysis is to examine how participation in different types of competitive sports (based on level of contact) during high school is associated with substance use 1 to 4 years after the 12 grade. The analysis uses nationally representative samples of 12 graders from the Monitoring the Future Study who were followed 1 to 4 years after the 12 grade. The longitudinal sample consisted of 970 12 graders from six recent cohorts (2006-2011).

Alternative Approaches to Assessing Nonresponse Bias in Longitudinal Survey Estimates: An Application to Substance-Use Outcomes Among Young Adults in the United States.

We evaluated alternative approaches to assessing and correcting for nonresponse bias in a longitudinal survey. We considered the changes in substance-use outcomes over a 3-year period among young adults aged 18-24 years (n = 5,199) in the United States, analyzing data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. This survey collected a variety of substance-use information from a nationally representative sample of US adults in 2 waves: 2001-2002 and 2004-2005.