O based resonantly ionized photoemission thermometry analysis of supersonic flows.

Characterization of the thermal gradients within supersonic and hypersonic flows is essential for understanding transition, turbulence, and aerodynamic heating. Developments in novel, impactful non-intrusive techniques are key for enabling flow characterizations of sufficient detail that provide experimental validation datasets for computational simulations. In this work, Resonantly Ionized Photoemission Thermometry (RIPT) signals are directly imaged using an ICCD camera to realize the techniques 1D measurement capability for the first time.

Air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization tagging velocimetry.

Air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) tagging velocimetry (ART) was demonstrated in quiescent and supersonic flows. The ART velocimetry method utilizes a wavelength tunable laser beam to resonantly ionize molecular oxygen in air and generate additional avalanche-type ionization of molecular nitrogen. The fluorescence emissions from the first negative and first positive bands of molecular nitrogen are, thus, produced and used for flow tagging.

One-dimensional air temperature measurements by air resonance enhanced multiphoton Ionization thermometry (ART).

In this work, a detailed calibration study is performed to establish non-intrusive one-dimensional (1D) rovibrational temperature measurements in unseeded air, based on air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization thermometry (ART). ART is generated by REMPI (resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization) of molecular oxygen and subsequent avalanche ionization of molecular nitrogen in a single laser pulse. ART signal, the fluorescence from the first negative band of molecular nitrogen, is directly proportional to the 2-photon transition of molecular oxygen CΠ (v = 2) ← XΣ (v'=0), which is used to determine temperature.

Quantitative fuel-to-air ratio determination for elevated-pressure methane/air flames using chemiluminescence emission.

The fuel/air ratio (FAR) in a methane-air Hencken flame at pressures of 1-5 bar is measured using the chemiluminescence-based method. Emission spectra are used to investigate the effects of pressure on the (308 nm), (430 nm), and 2* (500 nm) emissions and the effect on equivalence ratio determination from the ratios of these emission peaks. Both / and 2/ ratios are linear to FAR at atmospheric pressure.

Resolving the phylogenetic history of the short-necked turtles, genera Elseya and Myuchelys (Testudines: Chelidae) from Australia and New Guinea.

Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of the short-necked turtles of the genera Elseya, Myuchelys, and Emydura in Australia and New Guinea have long been debated as a result of conflicting hypotheses supported by different data sets and phylogenetic analyses. To resolve this contentious issue, we analyzed sequences from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and ND4) and one nuclear intron gene (R35) from all species of the genera Elseya, Myuchelys, Emydura, and their relatives. Phylogenetic analyses using three methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) produce a single, well resolved, and strongly corroborated hypothesis, which provides support for the three genera, with the exception that the genus Myuchelys is paraphyletic - Myuchelys purvisi is the sister taxon to the remaining Elseya, Myuchelys and Emydura.

Comparing and combining distance-based and character-based approaches for barcoding turtles.

Molecular barcoding can serve as a powerful tool in wildlife forensics and may prove to be a vital aid in conserving organisms that are threatened by illegal wildlife trade, such as turtles (Order Testudines). We produced cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) sequences (650 bp) for 174 turtle species and combined these with publicly available sequences for 50 species to produce a data set representative of the breadth of the order. Variability within the barcode region was assessed, and the utility of both distance-based and character-based methods for species identification was evaluated.

A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes.

Although tortoises of the family Testudinidae represent a familiar and widely distributed group of turtles, their phylogenetic relationships have remained contentious. In this study, we included 32 testudinid species (all genera and subgenera, and all species of Geochelone, representing 65% of the total familial species diversity), and both mitochondrial (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytb) and nuclear (Cmos and Rag2) DNA data with a total of 3387 aligned characters. Using diverse phylogenetic methods (Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Analysis) congruent support is found for a well-resolved phylogeny.

Multiple data sets, high homoplasy, and the phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae).

We present a phylogenetic hypothesis and novel, rank-free classification for all extant species of softshell turtles (Testudines:Trionychidae). Our data set included DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial protein-coding genes and a approximately 1-kb nuclear intron for 23 of 26 recognized species, and 59 previously published morphological characters for a complimentary set of 24 species. The combined data set provided complete taxonomic coverage for this globally distributed clade of turtles, with incomplete data for a few taxa.

Phylogenetic hypotheses for the turtle family Geoemydidae.

The turtle family Geoemydidae represents the largest, most diverse, and most poorly understood family of turtles. Little is known about this group, including intrafamilial systematics. The only complete phylogenetic hypothesis for this family positions geoemydids as paraphyletic with respect to tortoises, but this arrangement has not been accepted by many workers.

A taxonomic reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys.

Relationships among turtle species loosely categorized within the South American genus Phrynops are explored. Three once recognized genera (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys and Phrynops) that were demoted to subgenera, and then synonymized with Phrynops, are demonstrated to warrant full recognition based on morphometric analysis, skull osteology, and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing. Mesoclemmys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops as a monotypic genus including M.

Phylogenetic relationships of chelid turtles (Pleurodira: Chelidae) based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence variation.

Conflicting phylogenies have been proposed for the Chelidae (Testudines: Pleurodira), a family of side-necked turtles found only in Australasia and South America. Sequence data from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene were used to test these phylogenies. In total, 411 nucleotides were sequenced for each of 16 chelid species, including all 11 recognized chelid genera and, as outgroups, 5 genera of Pelomedusidae (Testudines: Pleurodira).

A second patient with partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3: karyotype 46,XY,del(3)(p25).

A child with monosomy for the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 3 is presented. Altered features include prenatal onset growth deficiency, postaxial polydactyly, ptosis, ear anomalies, and a triangular facial appearance. In addition to generalised delay in psychomotor development, specific problems in visual attention were present.

Regional migratory osteoporosis. A denervation disease.

Regional migratory osteoporosis is an uncommon entity charcterized by sudden attacks of migrating lower extremity paraarticular pain, local edema, and muscle atrophy; the disease is verified by radiologic demineralization and bone scan uptake. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. We describe a case of regional migratory osteoporosis followed over nine years by serial electromyographic studies documenting denervation patterns coincident in time and location of each acute attack.

Acute venereal arthritis. Comparative study of acute Reiter syndrome and acute gonococcal arthritis.

Acute venereal arthritis, a syndrome of fever and inflammatory arthritis following recent sexual intercourse, is a frequently misdiagnosed arthritic presentation. Nearly half of 39 patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute gonococcal arthritis were subsequently recognized as having acute Reiter syndrome. A retrospective study of both diseases revealed differentiating features that, when prospectively applied to 21 consecutive patients, permitted a correct and prompt bedside diagnosis.

Trisomy 14q-.

Trisomy 14q- syndrome is relatively new and needs further delineation. In comparing our case with other reported cases (Table 1), some similarities are seen. Although the comparison of our case of partial trisomy 14 with the other cases reported in the literature may not be entirely justified (in that the reciprocal translocations are not always identical), it is hoped that by doing so, we can further delineate the common features and prognosis of such individuals.