Spectrum of disease in macaque monkeys chronically infected with SIV/SMM.

Twelve rhesus and one pig-tailed macaque have been monitored for 28-41 months following experimental infection with 10(4) TCID of SIV/SMM. Twelve of the 13 animals became virus positive and seroconverted within 3 to 6 weeks of exposure; the remaining animal seroconverted at 6 months, but has remained virus negative. Six of the 13 animals (46%) died between 14 and 28 months post-infection, following prolonged clinical disease characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy and hemogram abnormalities.

Contractile properties of isolated vascular smooth muscle after photoradiation.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the responses of various types of vascular smooth muscle to conditions that would be encountered during photodynamic therapy, namely laser illumination of photosensitizer-pretreated tissue. Vascular smooth muscle obtained from representative canine, rodent, and rabbit vascular beds was cut into rings and placed in organ baths (37 degrees C, aerated with 95% O2-5% CO2). These vessels were pretreated for 30 min with the photosensitizer hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD, 3-30 micrograms/ml) washed, and then exposed to red laser light (633 nm, 1-3.

Flow microfluorometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonhuman primates: Correlation of phenotype with immune function.

A panel of monoclonal antibody reagents has been identified that can be used for routine monitoring of subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques), Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), and Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabeys). The procedure uses fluorescein and phycoerythrin conjugates of the monoclonal antibodies in appropriate combinations, so that two-color microfluorometric analyses can be readily performed on as little as 1.2 ml of EDTA blood.

HIV infection of chimpanzees as a model for testing chemotherapeutics.

Following inoculation of chimpanzees, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes a long-term persistent infection characterized by seroconversion and the presence in peripheral blood cells of recoverable virus which can be quantitated. Because most HIV-infected chimpanzees have developed no signs of clinical diseases or hematologic abnormalities, their virologic, serologic and other immune responses can be compared with those of asymptomatic HIV-infected persons. This analysis might lead to the identification of factors important in preventing the development of disease.

Guidelines for the prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in laboratory workers and animal handlers.

The authors are members of a working group that formulated guidelines to minimize transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to man. Biosafety level (BSL) 2 standards are recommended for handling of clinical specimens and housing of SIV inoculated animals. Manipulation of SIV preparations may be performed in a BSL 2 facility with additional BSL 3 practices and equipment; for large volume or concentrated preparations of SIV BSL 3 containment is necessary.

Changes in cyclooxygenase metabolites in experimental periodontitis in Macaca mulatta.

The four principal metabolites of cyclooxygenase (CO) were examined during the progression of experimental periodontitis in the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. Thirty-two monkeys were divided in four disease-matched groups. Three groups were treated with flurbiprofen, a potent CO inhibitor, at either 0.

Sporozoite-induced infections of the Salvador I strain of Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys.

Twenty Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys from Bolivia were inoculated intravenously with sporozoites of the Salvador I strain of Plasmodium vivax. All animals were splenectomized 7 days after inoculation. Inoculation of 100,000 sporozoites resulted in prepatent periods averaging 16.

Survival rate and life span of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes regional primate research center.

This paper describes the survival rates of 763 rhesus monkeys maintained at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center (YRPRC). The survival rates were determined by methods used to calculate survival rates of human populations. The monkeys were divided into 3 groups based on their specific life histories.

Comparative effects of morphine on leukocytic antigenic markers of monkeys and humans.

Knowing the in vitro effects of morphine on monkey leukocytes would be helpful in extending the utility of a monkey model for psychoneuroimmunological investigations. Morphine effects on T11, Leu2a, and Leu3a antigenic markers on leukocytes from rhesus monkeys and humans were assessed by using single- and two-color cytofluorometric analyses. Kinetics of expression of these markers was determined after modulation of the original complement of T11 markers from the surface of T11(+) cells.

Superinfection of a chimpanzee with a second strain of human immunodeficiency virus.

Two chimpanzees, one (C-499) infected with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus type 2 (ARV-2) strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and one (C-560) infected with the lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 1 (LAV-1) strain of HIV, were inoculated with approximately 10(4) tissue culture infective doses of the reciprocal strain. At the time of the second inoculation, both chimpanzees had high titers of HIV-specific antibodies, including antibodies that neutralized both virus strains. After inoculation of the second strain of HIV, the antibody titers in both chimpanzees increased 4- to 10-fold, and in one chimpanzee (C-499), the numbers of infectious peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased 1,000-fold to levels that are comparable with those observed after primary HIV infections.

Infection of chimpanzees with Nigerian I/CDC strain of Plasmodium ovale.

Seven splenectomized chimpanzees were infected with the Nigerian I/CDC strain of Plasmodium ovale. Two of the animals had no history of previous malarial infection whereas three had been infected with P. vivax, one with P.

Chesson strain Plasmodium vivax in Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys.

Nine Saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys were inoculated with sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax (Chesson strain) dissected from Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected by feeding on blood from infected chimpanzees. The animals were splenectomized 7 days after inoculation. Seven animals developed infections with prepatent periods ranging from 12 to 43 days (mean of 19.

Chronic fatal disease in gorillas seropositive for simian T-lymphotropic virus I antibodies.

Sera from 10 gorillas were tested by indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay, Western blotting and ELISA to Human T-lymphotropic viruses for cross-reacting with antibodies to Simian T-lymphotropic virus I (STLV-I). Four were antibody positive. Of the 4 seropositive gorillas, one has remained healthy, while 3 have died with similar disease problems as reconstructed from clinical records.

Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is now recognized as a worldwide epidemic for which there is no cure or vaccine. Chimpanzees are the only other animals that can be infected by HIV, and therefore the chimpanzee-HIV model system is useful for testing potential HIV vaccines. However, with one exception, there have been no reports of clinical manifestations of AIDS in chimpanzees.

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in a colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides).

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was documented in a colony of stumptail macaque monkeys (Macaca arctoides), with 29 (76%) of 38 monkeys infected and shedding organisms in feces. Thirteen deaths have occurred during the past five years. Animals without overt clinical disease were shedding as many as 2 X 10(6) colony-forming units of M.

Lack of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from infected to uninfected chimpanzees.

Four uninfected chimpanzees were each housed in separate cages with an HIV-infected chimpanzee for six to twenty-nine months. Despite close daily contact, all uninoculated chimpanzees remained seronegative for HIV, and virus was never isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the uninfected chimpanzees. These data indicate that the probability of transmission from infected animals to humans is extremely low and also provide supportive evidence for lack of transmission of HIV by casual contact.

Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from naturally infected sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus atys).

Healthy mangabey monkeys in a colony at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center were found to be infected with a retrovirus related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Virus was isolated from peripheral blood cells of 14 of 15 randomly selected mangabeys. All virus-positive animals had antibodies to the mangabey virus at the time of virus isolation and, in a retrospective study, 82% of mangabey serum samples obtained in 1981 had antibodies to the virus.

Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: a potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

The lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) prototype strain of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/LAV was transmitted to juvenile chimpanzees with no prior immunostimulation by (i) intravenous injection of autologous cells infected in vitro, (ii) intravenous injection of cell-free virus, and (iii) transfusion from a previously infected chimpanzee. All five animals that received more than one 50% tissue culture infective dose were persistently infected with LAV or chimpanzee-passaged LAV for up to 18 months. During this time they developed no illnesses, but they exhibited various degrees of inguinal and axillary lymphadenopathy and significant reductions in rates of weight gain.

Infection of mosquitoes with Plasmodium vivax from chimpanzees using membrane feeding.

Six splenectomized chimpanzees were infected with the Chesson or the North Korean strains of Plasmodium vivax. Heparinized blood taken from the animals was fed to approximately 45,000 mosquitoes using parafilm membranes. High-level mosquito infections were obtained with the blood from 4 animals.

Studies on the use of nonhuman primates to determine the DR status of the human hematopoietic stem cell.

Monoclonal antibodies that recognize monomorphic determinants of human DR are potentially useful for the in vitro elimination of malignant cells from marrow for use in autologous transplantation. While DR is expressed on normal hematopoietic progenitor cells and the cells of the majority of the hematologic and lymphoid malignancies, there is the possibility that DR may not be expressed on the hematopoietic stem cells responsible for marrow regeneration after transplantation. To resolve the uncertainty regarding the DR status of the human stem cell, we determined whether antihuman DR monoclonal antibodies recognized analogous antigens on nonhuman primate hematopoietic progenitor cells to determine an appropriate animal transplant model.