Reactivation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Patient With COVID-19: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Given COVID-19 rise in populations with high burden of tuberculosis infection, the interplay between COVID-19 and tuberculosis reactivation needs further investigation. We report a case of a 64-year-old man who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe COVID-19 infection. He was managed with intubation, prone-position mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, and methylprednisolone 40 mg intravenous twice daily for 5 days.

Distant metastatic foci of infection in adult patients with diabetic foot - not as rare as we think?: case series and review of the literature.

Background: Diabetic foot is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus. We report clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcomes of cases with distant metastatic foci of infection arising from diabetic foot.

Methods: Retrospective review of adult patients with diabetic foot infection or diabetic foot ulcer who demonstrated distant metastatic foci of infection between August 2017 and December 2019.

Review of high dose vancomycin in the treatment of infection.

Background: Guidelines recommend oral vancomycin as first-line therapy for infection. Guideline recommendations vary regarding dosing of vancomycin. Our aim was to summarize the current evidence on the efficacy and adverse effects of high dose oral and vancomycin retention enema (>500 mg/day) for the treatment of infection.

Treatment of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance and new antimicrobial agents.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are a growing concern due to limited treatment options. Knowledge of the common uropathogens in addition to local susceptibility patterns is essential in determining appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy of UTIs. The recommended first-line empiric antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated bacterial cystitis in otherwise healthy adult nonpregnant females is a 5-day course of nitrofurantoin, a 3-g single dose of fosfomycin tromethamine, or a 5-day course of pivmecillinam.

Postexposure management of infectious diseases.

Anyone exposed to an infectious disease--whether a healthcare provider, patient, or contact of a patient--should be evaluated promptly and the source of the infection identified. A systematic response entails postexposure prophylactic therapy if available and indicated, infection control measures to prevent further transmission, counseling and educating those involved, and assessing those who may require work restriction or modification.

An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are a growing concern due to limited therapeutic options. Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae, are common causes of both community-acquired and hospital acquired UTIs. These organisms can acquire genes that encode for multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including extended-spectrum-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC- β -lactamase, and carbapenemases.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Predictors of Complications and Length of Hospital Stay.

Background: The primary objective of the study was to determine factors associated with complications and length of hospital stay (LOS) in hospitalized adult patients with diabetes along with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a common infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and is associated with a significant mortality and morbidity.

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 215 adult patients with diabetes who were admitted with CAP.

Postexposure management of healthcare personnel to infectious diseases.

Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of exposure to various pathogens through their daily tasks and may serve as a reservoir for ongoing disease transmission in the healthcare setting. Management of HCP exposed to infectious agents can be disruptive to patient care, time-consuming, and costly. Exposure of HCP to an infectious source should be considered an urgent medical concern to ensure timely management and administration of postexposure prophylaxis, if available and indicated.

Management of hospitalized patients with diabetic foot infections.

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs), which present with a variety of clinical manifestations, are commonly encountered by clinicians. They are associated with a high morbidity, a high amputation rate, a high mortality, and increased health care costs. An effective management of DFIs requires a multidisciplinary approach with a strong collaboration among all involved health care providers as well as patient involvement.

Herpes zoster: diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches.

Herpes zoster (Hz), which generally presents as a localized, painful cutaneous eruption, is a common clinical problem, particularly among adults ≥ 50 years of age and immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis of Hz is mainly made clinically, except in patients with atypical manifestations or certain complications, such as central nervous system involvement, in which laboratory virologic testing is required. In addition to having a higher mortality rate, immunocompromised individuals have atypical and severe clinical findings and are at greater risk for complications and recurrence of Hz.

Postexposure prophylaxis for common infectious diseases.

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective in preventing illness after potential or documented exposure to a variety of microbial pathogens and in reducing the risk of secondary spread of infection. Guidelines have been published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for proper use of PEP for bloodborne pathogens, for microorganisms transmitted by either airborne or droplet spread or through direct contact, and for infections acquired after traumatic injuries. Depending on the type of exposure, different forms of PEP are available, including vaccines, immune globulins, antibiotics, and antiviral medications.

Medical management of diabetic foot infections.

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a commonly encountered medical problem. They are associated with an increased frequency and length of hospitalization and risk for lower-extremity amputation. Furthermore, they have substantial economic consequences.

Risk factors of cellulitis treatment failure with once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid.

Objectives: Once-daily intravenous cefazolin with probenecid is used commonly to treat cellulitis. The primary objective of this study was to determine the risk factors of treatment failure with this regimen.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of adult outpatients with cellulitis who were initially treated with once-daily intravenous cefazolin plus probenecid.

Management of complicated urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance.

Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) are a major cause of hospital admissions and are associated with significant morbidity and health care costs. Patients presenting with a suspected UTI should be screened for the presence of complicating factors, such as anatomic and functional abnormalities of the genitourinary tract. In the setting of cUTIs, the etiology and susceptibility of the causative organism is not predictable; therefore, when infection is suspected, patients should undergo a urinalysis in addition to culture and sensitivity testing.

Diagnosis and management of common chronic metabolic complications in HIV-infected patients.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and fat distribution abnormalities are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is now a leading cause of death among HIV-infected patients.

Diabetic foot infection.

Foot infections are common in patients with diabetes and are associated with high morbidity and risk of lower extremity amputation. Diabetic foot infections are classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci, are the most common pathogens in previously untreated mild and moderate infection.

Immunization for the elderly.

The morbidity and mortality of vaccine-preventable diseases among older adults are high. Despite the benefits of elderly vaccination, vaccination rates remain low and especially among some minority groups. Specific strategies for improving the rate of vaccination have been developed for medical offices and clinics, hospitals, and other health care institutions.

Intramuscular methotrexate-induced aseptic meningitis.

Objective: To report a case of aseptic meningitis induced by intramuscularly administered methotrexate in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

Case Summary: A 62-year-old male presented on 3 separate occasions with symptoms consistent with aseptic meningitis: 2 required hospitalization and 1 was noted during a subsequent ambulatory care visit. Prior to the first episode, the methotrexate dose ranged between 17.

A fatal case of Staphylococcus aureus: associated toxic shock syndrome following nipple piercing.

We describe a case of a healthy adolescent with a fatal toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus aureus. This infection developed 2 weeks after the patient underwent a nipple piercing by a friend. This case should serve as a strong reminder of the potentially fatal consequences of piercing that is becoming increasingly popular worldwide.