An overview of natural products that modulate the expression of non-coding RNAs involved in oxidative stress and inflammation-associated disorders.

Oxidative stress is a state in which oxidants are produced in excess in the body's tissues and cells, resulting in a biological imbalance amid the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from redox reactions. In case of insufficient antioxidants to balance, the immune system triggers signaling cascades to mount inflammatory responses. Oxidative stress can have deleterious effects on major macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, hence, Oxidative stress and inflammation are among the multiple factors contributing to the etiology of several disorders such as diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases.

Gut symbiotic bacteria are involved in nitrogen recycling in the tephritid fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis.

Background: Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient element for herbivorous insects. To alleviate nitrogen limitation, insects have evolved various symbiotically mediated strategies that enable them to colonize nitrogen-poor habitats or exploit nitrogen-poor diets. In frugivorous tephritid larvae developing in fruit pulp under nitrogen stress, it remains largely unknown how nitrogen is obtained and larval development is completed.

Nitrogen Acquisition Strategies Mediated by Insect Symbionts: A Review of Their Mechanisms, Methodologies, and Case Studies.

Nitrogen is usually a restrictive nutrient that affects the growth and development of insects, especially of those living in low nitrogen nutrient niches. In response to the low nitrogen stress, insects have gradually developed symbiont-based stress response strategies-biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous waste recycling-to optimize dietary nitrogen intake. Based on the above two patterns, atmospheric nitrogen or nitrogenous waste (e.

Effects of symbiotic population impairment on microbiome composition and longevity of .

In order to understand the role of symbionts for their insect hosts, it is customary to treat them with antibiotics or to sterilize eggs (treatments), resulting in aposymbiotic and axenic insects, respectively. Such axenic insects can then be compared with untreated controls. Fruit flies often bear complex communities which are greatly reduced by such treatments.

Non-Coding RNAs in the Etiology and Control of Major and Neglected Human Tropical Diseases.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression in immune cells development and function. Their expression is altered in different physiological and disease conditions, hence making them attractive targets for the understanding of disease etiology and the development of adjunctive control strategies, especially within the current context of mitigated success of control measures deployed to eradicate these diseases. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the role of ncRNAs in the etiology and control of major human tropical diseases including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria, as well as neglected tropical diseases including leishmaniasis, African trypanosomiasis and leprosy.

Reduced Expression of a Novel Midgut Trypsin Gene Involved in Protoxin Activation Correlates with Cry1Ac Resistance in a Laboratory-Selected Strain of (L.).

(Bt) produce diverse insecticidal proteins to kill insect pests. Nevertheless, evolution of resistance to Bt toxins hampers the sustainable use of this technology. Previously, we identified down-regulation of a trypsin-like serine protease gene in the midgut transcriptome and RNA-Seq data of a laboratory-selected Cry1Ac-resistant strain, SZ-R.

Symbiotic bacteria motivate the foraging decision and promote fecundity and survival of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Background: The gut bacteria of tephritid fruit flies play prominent roles in nutrition, reproduction, maintenance and ecological adaptations of the host. Here, we adopted an approach based on direct observation of symbiotic or axenic flies feeding on dishes seeded with drops of full diet (containing all amino acids) or full diet supplemented with bacteria at similar concentrations to explore the effects of intestinal bacteria on foraging decision and fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis.

Results: The results show that intestinal probiotics elicit beneficial foraging decision and enhance the female reproduction fitness and survival of B.

Identification of olfactory genes and functional analysis of BminCSP and BminOBP21 in Bactrocera minax.

Insects possess highly developed olfactory systems which play pivotal roles in its ecological adaptations, host plant location, and oviposition behavior. Bactrocera minax is an oligophagous tephritid insect whose host selection, and oviposition behavior largely depend on the perception of chemical cues. However, there have been very few reports on molecular components related to the olfactory system of B.

Mutation of Bdpaired induces embryo lethality in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.

Background: Pair-rule genes were identified and named for their role in segmentation in animal embryos. Paired, a homolog of mammalian PAX3, acts as one of several pair-rule genes and is key in defining the boundaries of future parasegments and segments during insect embryogenesis.

Results: We cloned the paired gene from the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, and then applied CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing to investigate its physiological function in the embryonic stage of this pest.

Fermented crop straws by Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the bioconversion rate of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

Crop straw is an abundant renewable resource whose usage is limited due to its high cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents. Here, Trichoderma viride, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Musca domestica were used to transform crop straws, and we investigated their impact on housefly rearing performance and optimized their utilization. The weights of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in fermented crop straw diets significantly decreased after bioconversion by M.

Gut bacteria of the cowpea beetle mediate its resistance to dichlorvos and susceptibility to Lippia adoensis essential oil.

Bacteria inhabiting the gut of insects provide many benefits to their hosts, such as aiding in food digestion, reproduction, and immunity, tissue homeostasis, adaptation to environment and resistance to pathogen and pesticides. The cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, is a serious cosmopolitan pest of pulses. This beetle has lent itself as a guinea pig for several ecological studies.

Intestinal bacteria modulate the foraging behavior of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The gut microbiome of insects directly or indirectly affects the metabolism, immune status, sensory perception and feeding behavior of its host. Here, we examine the hypothesis that in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis, Diptera: Tephritidae), the presence or absence of gut symbionts affects foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. We offered protein-starved flies, symbiotic or aposymbiotic, a choice between diets containing all amino acids or only the non-essential ones.

The impact of nutritional quality and gut bacteria on the fitness of (Diptera: Tephritidae).

To examine how nutritional quality and resident gut bacteria interplay in improving the fitness of an oligophagous fruit fly, , artificial sucrose diets and full diets (sucrose, tryptone and yeast extract) were fed to flies with and without antibiotic supplementation. Furthermore, and were supplemented to sucrose-only diets. Flies were maintained in the laboratory and the fitness parameters, male and female longevity, number of copulations and female fecundity, were recorded.

Essential oil optimizes the susceptibility of and enhances the nutritional qualities of stored cowpea .

The intensive use of synthetic pesticides in cowpea storage has led to the development of resistance by and subsequent degradation of grain quality. In an attempt to circumvent these constraints, the susceptibility of to 2,2-dichlorovinyldimethyl phosphate (DDVP) and essential oil (EO) was investigated and variations in the proportions of nutritional values of treated grains 150 days after storage were assessed. The survival rate was recorded after five generations.