Integrating management tactics to mitigate Spodoptera frugiperda resistance in Bt corn: refuge proportions, natural parasitoids, and selective insecticide application.

Background: Different approaches have been adopted to manage Spodoptera frugiperda resistance to Bt toxins. However, studying the synergism among these practices applied directly in crop fields is a major challenge. We used a computational model to investigate how the proportion of refuge strips [crop area occupied by non-Bt corn (maize): 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20%] and the presence of naturally occurring parasitoid, affected or not by a pesticide with different selectivities applied in the field, could influence the dynamics of the resistance allele (R) in a S.

Ecological Modelling of Insect Movement in Cropping Systems.

The spatio-temporal dynamics of insect pests in agricultural landscapes involves the potential of species to move, invade, colonise, and establish in different areas. This study revised the dispersal of the important crop pests Diabrotica speciosa Germar and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.