Modulation of the Nrf-2 and HO-1 signalling axis is associated with Betaine's abatement of fluoride-induced hepatorenal toxicities in rats.

Sodium fluoride (NaF) ingestion has several detrimental effects in humans and rodents. NaF mechanisms of toxicity include perturbation of intracellular redox homeostasis and apoptosis. Betaine (BET) is a modified amino acid with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties.

Bioaccumulation and toxic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater biota from the Ogbese River, Nigeria.

Samples of fish and shellfish (periwinkles, mussel, and snail) collected from the rapidly contaminated Ogbese River, Ondo State, Nigeria, were analyzed for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after cleanup using solid-phase extraction. The rank order of concentration of ΣPAHs in fish follows: gills >> eggs >>> muscle. The dry weight concentrations (μg/g) of total PAHs ranged from < 0.