inhibits autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells a PTEN/PI3K-Akt-mTOR-dependent pathway.

Although autophagy can eliminate some intracellular pathogens, others, e.g., , Salmonella, , can evade it.

Engorgement of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks blocked by silencing a protein inhibitor of apoptosis.

Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are regulators of cell death and may play a role in the salivary glands of ticks during blood-feeding. We cloned the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the IAP gene in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (RhIAP). The RhIAP ORF of 1887 bp encodes a predicted protein of 607 amino acids, which contains three baculovirus IAP repeat domains and a RING finger motif.

Initiator and executioner caspases in salivary gland apoptosis of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides.

Background: Apoptosis is fundamental in maintaining cell balance in multicellular organisms, and caspases play a crucial role in apoptosis pathways. It is reported that apoptosis plays an important role in tick salivary gland degeneration. Several different caspases have been found in ticks, but the interactions between them are currently unknown.