Glycemic control in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To assess correlates of glycemic control in a diverse population of children and youth with diabetes.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a 6-center US study of diabetes in youth, including 3947 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 552 with type 2 diabetes (T2D), using hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels to assess glycemic control.

Results: HbA(1c) levels reflecting poor glycemic control (HbA(1c) >or= 9.

Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial: baseline evaluation of selected nutrients and food group intake.

Background: Little has been reported regarding food and nutrient intake in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and most reports have been based on findings in select groups or individuals who self-reported having diabetes.

Objective: To describe the baseline food and nutrient intake of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial participants, compare participant intake to national guidelines, and describe demographic and health characteristics associated with food group consumption.

Methods: The Look AHEAD trial is evaluating the effects of a lifestyle intervention (calorie control and increased physical activity for weight loss) compared with diabetes support and education on long-term cardiovascular and other health outcomes.

Preservation of beta-cell function in autoantibody-positive youth with diabetes.

Objective: To determine the extent of beta-cell function in youth with diabetes and GAD65 and/or IA2 autoantibodies.

Research Design And Methods: Fasting C-peptide levels from 2,789 GAD65- and/or IA2 autoantibody-positive youth aged 1-23 years from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study were used. Preserved beta-cell function was defined on the basis of cut points derived from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) (fasting C-peptide > or =0.

The association between adiponectin/leptin ratio and diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

We tested the association of adiponectin/leptin ratio with diabetes type after adjusting for multiple factors in 1156 youths with newly diagnosed diabetes in the SEARCH study. Although adiponectin/leptin ratio is associated with diabetes type in youth, it is due to differences in adiponectin, but not leptin levels.

Associations of dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish with biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]).

The cardioprotective effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fish consumption have been observed. However, data on the specific associations of these dietary factors with inflammation and endothelial activation are sparse. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 5,677 men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort, including African Americans, Caucasians, Chinese, and Hispanics aged 45 to 84 years and free of clinical cardiovascular disease.

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander U.S. youth: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: Given limited reports on diabetes among U.S. Asian and Pacific Islander youth, we describe the clinical characteristics, incidence, and prevalence of diabetes among Asian, Pacific Islander, and mixed Asian-Pacific Islander youth.

Diabetes in Hispanic American youth: prevalence, incidence, demographics, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To report the 2001 prevalence and 2002-2005 incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic American youth and to describe the demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of these youth.

Research Design And Methods: Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based multicenter observational study of youth aged 0-19 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes, were used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Information obtained by questionnaire, physical examination, and blood and urine collection was analyzed to describe the characteristics of youth who completed a study visit.

Diabetes in African American youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To report the prevalence and incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among African American youth and to describe demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics.

Research Design And Methods: Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based, multicenter observational study of youth with clinically diagnosed diabetes aged 0-19 years, were used to estimate the prevalence for calendar year 2001 (692 cases) and incidence based on 748 African American case subjects diagnosed in 2002-2005. Characteristics of these youth were obtained during a research visit for 436 African American youth with type 1 diabetes and 212 African American youth with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To investigate the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of diabetes among U.S. non-Hispanic white (NHW) youth.

Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in youth with and without type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth case-control study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the lipid profile and the prevalence of lipid abnormalities in youth with and without type 1 diabetes and explore the role of glycemic control on the hypothesized altered lipid profile in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 512 youth with type 1 diabetes (mean duration 4.22 years) and 188 healthy control subjects aged 10-22 years in Colorado and South Carolina.

Association between the dietary approaches to hypertension diet and hypertension in youth with diabetes mellitus.

Among youth with diabetes mellitus, elevated blood pressure represents one of the most common comorbidities. Hence, exploring dietary factors that may help prevent or control hypertension in this population is of paramount importance. We investigated whether adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is associated with hypertension in youth with diabetes mellitus from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Cardiovascular risk factors among youth with and without type 2 diabetes: differences and possible mechanisms.

Objective: To compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among recently diagnosed youth with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic youth and investigate whether demographic, behavioral, or metabolic factors might account for observed differences.

Research Design And Methods: Data from 106 type 2 diabetic and 189 nondiabetic multiethnic youth, aged 10-22 years, were analyzed. Prevalence of CVD risk factors were age and race/ethnicity adjusted using direct standardization.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: implications of a factor analysis of clustering.

Background: The extent to which cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors cluster in youth with a diagnosis of type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate potential clustering of traditional CVD risk factors that may reflect an unmeasured but unifying single pathology that may explain the phenomenon of the metabolic syndrome in these youths.

Methods: Youths who participated in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study with diabetes diagnosed <20 years, with current age >10 years (maximum current age, 22 years) were included.

Does physical activity during pregnancy reduce the risk of gestational diabetes among previously inactive women?

Background: Gestational diabetes affects approximately 7 percent of all pregnancies in the United States; its prevalence may have increased among all ethnic groups since the early 1990 s. Our study examined whether physical activity during pregnancy reduced the risk of gestational diabetes among women who were physically inactive before pregnancy.

Methods: We used data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS), a nationally representative sample of mothers with live births.

Intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fish in relation to measurements of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Background: Data on the relations of different types of fish meals and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to measures of atherosclerosis are sparse.

Objective: We examined intakes of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and fish in relation to clinical measures of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a multiethnic group of 5,488 adults aged 45-84 y and free of clinical cardiovascular disease.

A collaborative approach to the recruitment and retention of minority patients with diabetes in rural community health centers.

Context: Recruiting and retaining minorities from rural, community health centers is a challenge. Collaboration between the researchers and health center personnel and activities to enhance trust may improve results.

Purpose: To describe recruitment and retention strategies and report results of a 12-month clinical trial of a telemedicine-based diabetes self-management intervention, conducted within a rural community health center.

Birth weight [corrected] and elevated albumin to creatinine ratio in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study.

Low birth weight (BWT) may contribute to kidney disease and could explain some of the variance in the development of early diabetic kidney disease. This hypothesis was tested in the multicenter SEARCH study (3,714 youth with diabetes <20 years of age). A morning spot urine sample, laboratory and anthropometric data, and a medical history were obtained.

Type 2 diabetes in youth: epidemiology and current research toward prevention and treatment.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has emerged as a diagnosis among adolescents in the United States, particularly among minority groups and concurrent with the well-documented epidemic of overweight and obesity. Opportunities for prevention of type 2 diabetes and approaches to optimized treatment regimens for adolescents with the disease have drawn largely from studies conducted in adult populations. Recognizing that much work remains to be done, this review summarizes key findings from recent research and highlights recent findings from large, ongoing studies of youth that address the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young people, the prevalence of complications among this group, and the current knowledge base that informs opportunities for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in adolescents.

Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study.

Objective: Limited data exist on the association between in utero exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity and type 2 diabetes in diverse youth. These associations were explored in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white youth participating in the SEARCH Case-Control Study.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 79 youth with type 2 diabetes and 190 nondiabetic control youth aged 10-22 years attended a research visit.

Determinants of adiponectin levels in young people with Type 1 diabetes.

Aims: To determine whether adiponectin levels are higher in youth with Type 1 diabetes than in non-diabetic controls, and explore potential determinants for this difference.

Methods: Data are from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Case-Control Study. A total of 440 youth with Type 1 diabetes and 191 non-diabetic healthy controls age 10-22 years of non-Hispanic White (NHW), African-American (AA) and Hispanic (H) origin were included in this analysis.

Plasma and dietary vitamin E in relation to insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Aim: In the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), we have previously shown a protective effect of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration against diabetes incidence among persons not taking vitamin E supplements. The biologic mechanism for such a protective effect could involve improvement in either insulin sensitivity (S(I)), insulin secretion or both. Thus, we examined vitamin E in relation to insulin secretion and S(I) among persons not taking vitamin E supplements.

Prevalence and determinants of elevated apolipoprotein B and dense low-density lipoprotein in youths with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) and dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in United States youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of apoB concentrations, LDL density, and prevalence of elevated apoB levels and dense LDL from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, a six-center U.S.

Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCh for diabetes in youth case-control study.

Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that breast-feeding is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes among African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white youth, mediated in part by current weight status.

Research Design And Methods: The SEARCH Case-Control Study, an ancillary study to SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, was conducted in two of six SEARCH clinical sites. Eighty youth with type 2 diabetes aged 10-21 years were included.