Establishing Diagnostic Reference Levels for Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Imaging: A Preliminary Study in Indian Healthcare Settings.

Introduction In nuclear medicine, there is a critical need to balance the control and optimization of radiation doses to ensure patient safety while achieving high-quality diagnostic outcomes. However, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for nuclear medicine imaging studies have not been established in India. This study aims to fill this gap by establishing institutional DRLs and assessing radiation dose data specifically for Nuclear Medicine SPECT examinations.

Performance comparison of instrument automation pipelines using different programming languages.

The article presents a performance analysis of fully automated, in-house developed 2D ultrasound computerized tomography systems using different programming languages. The system is fully automated in four programming languages: LabVIEW, MATLAB, C and Python. It includes codes for sensors, instruments interfacing, real-time control, synchronized data acquisition, simultaneous raw data processing and analysis.

Gamma radiation detector selection for CT scanner.

Three types of gamma radiation detectors associated with distributed electronics namely, NaI (Tl), HPGe and LaBr(Ce) are compared primarily focusing on electronic noise and scattering noise. Additionally, detectors of same make, material, size and electronics are also compared. A methodology is proposed to select the most suitable detector for computed tomography (CT) among the available options.

Design and Fabrication of a Dual Protein-Based Trilayered Nanofibrous Scaffold for Efficient Wound Healing.

Chronic wound healing is a major threat all over the world. There are currently a plethora of biomaterials-based wound dressings available for wound healing applications. In this study, a dual protein-based (silk fibroin and sericin) nanofibrous scaffold from a natural source ( silkworm cocoons) with antibacterial and antioxidative properties for wound healing was investigated.

Deep learning models for benign and malign ocular tumor growth estimation.

Relatively abundant availability of medical imaging data has provided significant support in the development and testing of Neural Network based image processing methods. Clinicians often face issues in selecting suitable image processing algorithm for medical imaging data. A strategy for the selection of a proper model is presented here.

Non-invasive multimodal imaging of Diabetic Retinopathy: A survey on treatment methods and Nanotheranostics.

Diabetes Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prominent microvascular complications of diabetes. It is one of the pre-eminent causes for vision impairment followed by blindness among the working-age population worldwide. The de facto cause for DR remains challenging, despite several efforts made to unveil the mechanism underlying the pathology of DR.

Novel window for cancer nanotheranostics: non-invasive ocular assessments of tumor growth and nanotherapeutic treatment efficacy .

In cancer research there is a fundamental need for animal models that allow the longitudinal visualization and quantification of tumor development, nanotherapeutic delivery, the tumor microenvironment including blood vessels, macrophages, fibroblasts, immune cells, and extracellular matrix, and the tissue response to treatment. To address this need, we developed a novel mouse ocular xenograft model. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing human glioblastoma cells (between 500 and 10,000) were implanted into the subretinal space of immunodeficient mice (56 eyes).

Rapid monocyte infiltration following retinal detachment is dependent on non-canonical IL6 signaling through gp130.

Background: Retinal detachment (RD) can lead to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a leading cause of intractable vision loss. PVR is associated with a cytokine storm involving common proinflammatory molecules like IL6, but little is known about the source and downstream signaling of IL6 and the consequences for the retina. Here, we investigated the early immune response and resultant cytokine signaling following RD in mice.

Protective Effect of Intravitreal Administration of Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Retinal Ischemia.

Purpose: Exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured under hypoxic conditions contain proteins and growth factors that promote angiogenesis. This study investigated the effect of intravitreal administration of these exosomes on retinal ischemia using a murine model.

Methods: Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) was induced by exposing one-week-old male C57BL/6J mice to 5 days of 75% hyperoxic conditioning, and returning to room air.

In vivo optophysiology reveals that G-protein activation triggers osmotic swelling and increased light scattering of rod photoreceptors.

The light responses of rod and cone photoreceptors have been studied electrophysiologically for decades, largely with ex vivo approaches that disrupt the photoreceptors' subretinal microenvironment. Here we report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure light-driven signals of rod photoreceptors in vivo. Visible light stimulation over a 200-fold intensity range caused correlated rod outer segment (OS) elongation and increased light scattering in wild-type mice, but not in mice lacking the rod G-protein alpha subunit, transducin (Gα), revealing these responses to be triggered by phototransduction.

The Photosensitivity of Rhodopsin Bleaching and Light-Induced Increases of Fundus Reflectance in Mice Measured In Vivo With Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose: To quantify bleaching-induced changes in fundus reflectance in the mouse retina.

Methods: Light reflected from the fundus of albino (Balb/c) and pigmented (C57Bl/6J) mice was measured with a multichannel scanning laser ophthalmoscopy optical coherence tomography (SLO-OCT) optical system. Serial scanning of small retinal regions was used for bleaching rhodopsin and measuring reflectance changes.

Effect of scanning beam size on the lateral resolution of mouse retinal imaging with SLO.

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) employs the eye's optics as a microscope objective for retinal imaging in vivo. The mouse retina has become an increasingly important object for investigation of ocular disease and physiology with optogenetic probes. SLO imaging of the mouse eye, in principle, can achieve submicron lateral resolution thanks to a numerical aperture (NA) of ∼0.

Adaptive-optics SLO imaging combined with widefield OCT and SLO enables precise 3D localization of fluorescent cells in the mouse retina.

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) has recently been used to achieve exquisite subcellular resolution imaging of the mouse retina. Wavefront sensing-based AO typically restricts the field of view to a few degrees of visual angle. As a consequence the relationship between AO-SLO data and larger scale retinal structures and cellular patterns can be difficult to assess.