MyD88-induced downregulation of IRAK-4 and its structural requirements.

IRAK-4 plays an essential role in Toll-like receptor (TLR)/IL-1 receptor signaling. However, its signaling and regulation mechanisms have remained elusive. We have reported previously that stimulation of TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9, but not TLR3, leads to downregulation of IRAK-4 protein.

CD34-positive stromal cells in primary lung carcinomas.

To investigate the phenotypes of stromal cells in primary lung carcinomas, we examined the distribution of CD34-positive stromal cells in primary lung carcinomas, with special reference to histological types. In total 26 surgically resected primary lung carcinomas (13 adenocarcinomas, 10 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 large cell carcinomas, and 1 small cell carcinoma and their normal tissues were examined. CD34-positive stromal cells were observed in connective tissue adjacent to the bronchiolar and bronchial epithelium in normal lung tissues.