Nonclinical Cardiovascular Assessment of the Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator Vericiguat.

Vericiguat and its metabolite M-1 were assessed for proarrhythmic risk in nonclinical in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro manual voltage-clamp recordings at room temperature determined the effect of vericiguat on human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene (hERG) K channels. Effects of vericiguat and M-1 on hERG K, Nav1.

Immunogenicity assessment of AAV-based gene therapies: An IQ consortium industry white paper.

Immunogenicity has imposed a challenge to efficacy and safety evaluation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapies. Mild to severe adverse events observed in clinical development have been implicated with host immune responses against AAV gene therapies, resulting in comprehensive evaluation of immunogenicity during nonclinical and clinical studies mandated by health authorities. Immunogenicity of AAV gene therapies is complex due to the number of risk factors associated with product components and pre-existing immunity in human subjects.

TLR2- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2-dependent Krüppel-like factor 2 expression downregulates NF-kappa B-related gene expression.

The release of potent proinflammatory mediators is not only central for mounting an efficient host response, but also bears the risk for deleterious excessive tissue-damaging inflammation. This is highlighted in severe pneumococcal pneumonia, in which the delicate balance between a robust inflammatory response to kill pneumococci and loss of organ function determines the outcome of disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Krüppel-like factor (KLF)2 counterregulates pneumococci- and pattern recognition receptor-related human lung cell activation.

NAIP and Ipaf control Legionella pneumophila replication in human cells.

In mice, different alleles of the mNAIP5 (murine neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein-5)/mBirc1e gene determine whether macrophages restrict or support intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila, and whether a mouse is resistant or (moderately) susceptible to Legionella infection. In the resistant mice strains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor (NLR) family member mNAIP5/mBirc1e, as well as the NLR protein mIpaf (murine ICE protease-activating factor), are involved in recognition of Legionella flagellin and in restriction of bacterial replication. Human macrophages and lung epithelial cells support L.

IFNbeta induction by influenza A virus is mediated by RIG-I which is regulated by the viral NS1 protein.

Influenza A virus causes epidemics of respiratory diseases in humans leading to thousands of death annually. One of its major virulence factors, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1), exhibits interferon-antagonistic properties. While epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are the primary targets of influenza virus, the virus-sensing mechanisms in these cells eventually leading to IFNbeta production are incompletely understood.

Legionella pneumophila induces IFNbeta in lung epithelial cells via IPS-1 and IRF3, which also control bacterial replication.

Legionella pneumophila, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium, causes severe pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease). Type I interferons (IFNs) were so far associated with antiviral immunity, but recent studies also indicated a role of these cytokines in immune responses against (intracellular) bacteria. Here we show that wild-type L.