Enhancing leuprolide penetration through enterocytes via the ER-Golgi pathway using lipophilic complexation.

Oral delivery of peptide drugs remains one of the most formidable challenges in the frontier of pharmaceutical research. Peptide drugs typically suffer from exceptionally low oral bioavailability, primarily attributed to rigorous enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, limited ability to traverse the enterocyte barrier, and significant first-pass hepatic metabolism. Absorption of peptide drugs via the lymphatic route could potentially bypass intracellular lysosome degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism.

The Interplay between Drug and Sorbitol Contents Determines the Mechanical and Swelling Properties of Potential Rice Starch Films for Buccal Drug Delivery.

Rice starch is a promising biomaterial for thin film development in buccal drug delivery, but the plasticisation and antiplasticisation phenomena from both plasticisers and drugs on the performance of rice starch films are not well understood. This study aims to elucidate the competing effects of sorbitol (plasticiser) and drug (antiplasticiser) on the physicochemical characteristics of rice starch films containing low paracetamol content. Rice starch films were prepared with different sorbitol (10, 20 and 30% /) and paracetamol contents (0, 1 and 2% /) using the film casting method and were characterised especially for drug release, swelling and mechanical properties.