Economic evaluation of surgical treatments for urolithiasis in a public hospital.

Objectives: To evaluate the costs associated with the surgical treatment of urolithiasis using percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureterorenoscopy (URS), and to analyze the influence of direct and indirect costs on patient economy and the healthcare system.

Materials And Methods: A total of 179 patients who underwent surgery for urolithiasis between January 1 and December 31, 2023, were included. Direct costs were recorded, encompassing expenses related to the surgical procedure, hospital stay, and healthcare costs, which included consultations, diagnostic procedures and non-hospital medications.

[Tissue arrays: Two simple and economical methods for manual construction.].

Objectives: Tissue array (TA) technologyis widely used as a method for the in situ investigation oftissue markers in cancer studies. A limitation of this techniqueis the high price of tissue arrayers. We describetwo easy and non-expensive manual methods, that haveproduced small and medium format arrays.