A deep-learning strategy to identify cell types across species from high-density extracellular recordings.

High-density probes allow electrophysiological recordings from many neurons simultaneously across entire brain circuits but don't reveal cell type. Here, we develop a strategy to identify cell types from extracellular recordings in awake animals, revealing the computational roles of neurons with distinct functional, molecular, and anatomical properties. We combine optogenetic activation and pharmacology using the cerebellum as a testbed to generate a curated ground-truth library of electrophysiological properties for Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons, Golgi cells, and mossy fibers.

Carborane-based heteromolecular extended networks driven by directional C-Te⋯N chalcogen bonding interactions.

We demonstrate that -(TeMe)carborane directs, in the presence of linear ditopic neutral Lewis bases, the formation of co-crystals with 1D extended supramolecular networks. Specifically, the network formation is systematically stabilized by short and quasi-linear C-Te⋯N chalcogen-bonding (ChB) interactions. In sum, we report efficient carborane-based tectons to rationally design high-dimensional neutral heteromolecular networks.

Alterations of the axon initial segment in multiple sclerosis grey matter.

Grey matter damage has been established as a key contributor to disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Aside from neuronal loss and axonal transections, which predominate in cortical demyelinated lesions, synaptic alterations have been detected in both demyelinated plaques and normal-appearing grey matter, resulting in functional neuronal damage. The axon initial segment is a key element of neuronal function, responsible for action potential initiation and maintenance of neuronal polarity.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Trinuclear Copper(II) Complex Based on P-Cresol-Substituted Bis(α-Nitronyl Nitroxide) Biradical.

Trinuclear copper(II) complex [Cu(NITPhO)Cl] was synthesized with p-cresol-substituted bis(α-nitronyl nitroxide) biradical: 4-methyl-2,6-bis(1-oxyl-3-oxido-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazolin-2-yl)phenol (NITPhOH). The crystal structure of this heterospin complex was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and exhibits four unusual seven-membered metallocycles formed from the coordination of oxygen atoms of the N-O groups and of bridging phenoxo (µ-PhO) moieties with copper(II) ions. The crystal structure analysis reveals an incipient agostic interaction between a square planar copper center and a hydrogen-carbon bond from one methyl group carried on the coordinated nitronyl-nitroxide radical.

Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes Derived from Ynamides Bearing Fluorophores.

1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes (TCBDs) bearing a large diversity of fluorophores were prepared following a multi-step synthesis. In a crucial last step, all compounds were obtained from the corresponding ynamides, which were particularly suitable for the formation of the TCBDs in the presence of tetracyanoethylene via a [2+2] cycloaddition/retroelectrocyclization step (CA-RE). Several fluorenyl derivatives in addition to phenanthrenyl and terphenyl ones provided ynamide-based TCBDs affording remarkable emission properties covering a large range of wavelengths.

Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings.

Measuring the dynamics of neural processing across time scales requires following the spiking of thousands of individual neurons over milliseconds and months. To address this need, we introduce the Neuropixels 2.0 probe together with newly designed analysis algorithms.

Purkinje Cell Activity Determines the Timing of Sensory-Evoked Motor Initiation.

Cerebellar neurons can signal sensory and motor events, but their role in active sensorimotor processing remains unclear. We record and manipulate Purkinje cell activity during a task that requires mice to rapidly discriminate between multisensory and unisensory stimuli before motor initiation. Neuropixels recordings show that both sensory stimuli and motor initiation are represented by short-latency simple spikes.

Strong σ-Hole Activation on Icosahedral Carborane Derivatives for a Directional Halide Recognition.

Crystal engineering based on σ-hole interactions is an emerging approach for realization of new materials with higher complexity. Neutral inorganic clusters derived from 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane, substituted with -SeMe, -TeMe, and -I moieties on both skeletal carbon vertices are experimentally demonstrated herein as outstanding chalcogen- and halogen-bond donors. In particular, these new molecules strongly interact with halide anions in the solid-state.

Activating both Halogen and Chalcogen Bonding Interactions in Cation Radical Salts of Iodinated Tetrathiafulavalene Derivatives.

Halogen bonding (XB) interactions are investigated in cation radical salts of bis(methylthio)-5,5'-diiodotetrathiafulvalene (1). Electrocrystallization of 1 in the presence of Bu NCl affords a 1 : 1 salt formulated as (E-1)Cl. Particularly strong I⋅⋅⋅Cl XB interactions are observed around the Cl anion with the distances at 78 % the sum of the van der Waals radii, a consequence of the XB charge activation in the cation radical.

Synthesis, characterization and unusual near-infrared luminescence of 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene derivatives.

Two 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) derivatives were prepared by [2+2]cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization from ynamides bearing either a pyrene (1) or a perylene unit (2). In addition to panchromatic absorptions in 2, in the solid state, both compounds unexpectedly display NIR photoluminescence that could be detected up to about 1350 nm.

Publisher Correction: Predictive and reactive reward signals conveyed by climbing fiber inputs to cerebellar Purkinje cells.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Electronic engineering of a tetrathiafulvalene charge-transfer salt via reduced symmetry induced by combined substituents.

A 1 : 1 metallic charge-transfer salt is obtained by cosublimation of (Z,E)-(SMe)2Me2TTF and TCNQ. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of segregated stacks comprising donor and acceptor molecules in [(E)-(SMe)2Me2TTF](TCNQ). The crystal packing features lateral SS interactions between TTF stacks, which is in sharp contrast to that in (TTF)(TCNQ).

Predictive and reactive reward signals conveyed by climbing fiber inputs to cerebellar Purkinje cells.

There is increasing evidence for a cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing, but the specific input pathways conveying this information remain unclear. We probed the role of climbing fiber inputs to Purkinje cells in generating and evaluating predictions about associations between motor actions, sensory stimuli and reward. We trained mice to perform a visuomotor integration task to receive a reward and interleaved cued and random rewards between task trials.