Pitfalls in Interpretive Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology.

Interpretive artificial intelligence (AI) tools are poised to change the future of radiology. However, certain pitfalls may pose particular challenges for optimal AI interpretative performance. These include anatomic variants, age-related changes, postoperative changes, medical devices, image artifacts, lack of integration of prior and concurrent imaging examinations and clinical information, and the satisfaction-of-search effect.

Derivation of novel metabolic pathway score identifies alanine metabolism as a targetable influencer of TNF-alpha signaling.

Background: Better understanding of the interaction between metabolism and immune response will be key to understanding physiology and disease. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) has been studied widely. However, despite the extensive knowledge about TNFα, the cytokine appears to induce not only variable, but often contradictory, effects on inflammation and cell proliferation.

Updates on the Applications of Spectral Computed Tomography for Musculoskeletal Imaging.

Spectral CT represents a novel imaging approach that can noninvasively visualize, quantify, and characterize many musculoskeletal pathologies. This modality has revolutionized the field of radiology by capturing CT attenuation data across multiple energy levels and offering superior tissue characterization while potentially minimizing radiation exposure compared to traditional enhanced CT scans. Despite MRI being the preferred imaging method for many musculoskeletal conditions, it is not viable for some patients.

Artificial intelligence in the detection of non-biological materials.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force within medical imaging, making significant strides within emergency radiology. Presently, there is a strong reliance on radiologists to accurately diagnose and characterize foreign bodies in a timely fashion, a task that can be readily augmented with AI tools. This article will first explore the most common clinical scenarios involving foreign bodies, such as retained surgical instruments, open and penetrating injuries, catheter and tube malposition, and foreign body ingestion and aspiration.

The role of micro RNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of 's innate immunity.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs ~19-22 nt long which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Their ability to exhibit dynamic expression patterns coupled with their wide variety of targets allows miRNAs to regulate many processes, including the innate immune response of . Recent studies have identified miRNAs in which are differentially expressed during infection with different pathogens as well as miRNAs that may affect immune signalling when differentially expressed.

Confined Fe-Cu Clusters as Sub-Nanometer Reactors for Efficiently Regulating the Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction.

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) over nonprecious-metal and single-atom catalysts has received increasing attention as a sustainable strategy to synthesize ammonia. However, the atomic-scale regulation of such active sites for NRR catalysis remains challenging because of the large distance between them, which significantly weakens their cooperation. Herein, the utilization of regular surface cavities with unique microenvironment on graphitic carbon nitride as "subnano reactors" to precisely confine multiple Fe and Cu atoms for NRR electrocatalysis is reported.

Polyethyleneimine-poly(ethylene glycol)-star-copolymers as efficient and biodegradable vectors for mammalian cell transfection.

High molecular weight (MW) polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been successfully used for the transfection of a broad variety of cell lines. In contrast to low MW PEI, which exhibits low transfection efficiencies but also low cytotoxicity, high MW PEI-mediated transfection achieves much higher efficiencies but at the cost of cell viability; therefore its use in commercial scale transfection and clinical application is limited. In this work we address this problem by constructing biodegradable high MW PEI mimics built from low MW PEI building blocks.

One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanowires dye sensitized solar cell.

High ordered one-dimensional (1D) Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires were grown on FTO substrate by using the hydrothermal method. Nanowires structures were used as the wide band-gap semiconducting photo-electrode in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSCs). Solar cell made from ZnO nanowire at 50 nm radius and several tens micron lengths showed high solar conversion efficiency (eta) of 2.

Milking the Plains: movement of large dairy operations into southwestern Kansas.

Western Kansas has an historical identification with cattle, with a focus on cattle ranching and more specifically since the 1950s, beef-cattle feedlots. Since the mid-1990s large dairy operations have moved into southwestern Kansas. Today more than twenty large dairies house more than 70,000 milk cows.

Efficient delivery of siRNA to cortical neurons using layered double hydroxide nanoparticles.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are capable of targeting and destroying specific mRNAs, making them particularly suited to the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's Disease where the production of abnormal proteins results in a gain-of-function phenotype. Although a variety of nanoparticle formulations are currently under development as siRNA delivery systems, application of these technologies has been limited by their high cytotoxicity, low drug loading capacity and release, and inability to penetrate cell membranes. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are now emerging as a potential new drug delivery system as they exhibit low cytotoxicity and are highly biocompatible.

Structural and morphological transformations of mesostructured titanium phosphate through hydrothermal treatment.

The phase transformation of mesostructured titanium phosphate (TiPO) from hexagonal to lamellar structure was observed in a simply hydrothermal treatment, accompanied by drastically morphological changes in the micrometer-sized particles. XRD pattern revealed that different mesostructures were obtained by simply varying hydrothermal temperature or treatment duration. SEM and TEM observations showed the morphological evolution from individual particles to interconnected nanoplatelets.