Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a primer for the clinician.

Obesity is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This review addresses the complex interaction between obesity and cardiovascular risk, highlighting dysfunctional adiposity as a crucial precursor in the metabolic renal cardiovascular continuum. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are reviewed, emphasizing the importance of risk identification and proper stratification, as well as the various available treatment strategies, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that have proven to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Are the concepts of emotion special? A comparison between basic-emotion, secondary-emotion, abstract, and concrete words.

The study of emotional concepts stands at a very interesting intersection between the theoretical debate about the nature of emotions and the debate about the nature of processing concrete concepts and abstract concepts. On the one hand, it is debated whether it is possible to differentiate basic emotions from secondary emotions and, on the other hand, whether emotional concepts differ from abstract concepts. In this regard, the prototypical perceptual aspects are considered an important factor both for the differentiation between concrete and abstract concepts and for the differentiation between basic and secondary emotions (facial expressions).

The Use of a Suprascapular Nerve Block to Facilitate the Reduction of an Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: An Alternative for Elderly and Patients With Cardiopulmonary Comorbidities?

Background: Anterior shoulder dislocation is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED). Dislocations are spontaneous or traumatic. Generally, a reduction is performed under procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA).

Psychometric Properties of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in the Chilean Population.

Alexithymia can be defined as inability to identify and describe emotions in the self. Has shown to be related to several psychological and pathological processes that can result in unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships and decreased social adjustment. Advances in research of alexithymia require the development and validation of assessment instruments, and its application to different population.

Mechanisms of sleep-wake cycle modulation.

Regulation of the sleep-waking cycle is complex, involving multiple neurological circuits and diverse endogenous molecules. Interplay among assorted neuroanatomical and neurochemical systems such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, and hypocretin maintain the waking (W) state. The sleep-onset is governed by the interacting forces of the sleep drive, which steadily increases with duration of W, and circadian fluctuations.