Challenges and strategies: treating spontaneous pneumothorax in massive pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis in children.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report two cases of successive multiple spontaneous bilateral pneumothorax in children with massive lung involvement due to Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), emphasizing the possibility of this differential diagnosis for the general pediatrician. Additionally, published cases describing pediatric patients with pulmonary manifestations of LCH were reviewed in the literature.

Case Description: Case #1: A 3-year-old male patient with a sudden episode of spontaneous right-sided pneumothorax, surgically drained.

Validation of protocol of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis in rats and the pitfalls during the procedure.

Purpose: To describe the difficulties of implementing the protocol of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in order to obtain a larger number of newborns affected with the disease and a lower mortality.

Methods: Term Sprague-Dawley newborns rats (22 days) were divided into four groups of 12 fetuses each (n = 48): EC--breastfed newborns; IH--breastfed newborns and subjected to a stress protocol by ischemia and hypothermia; ESB--formula-fed newborns (Esbilac®, PetAg, Hampshire, IL, USA) and NEC--formula-fed newborns and subjected to stress protocol. The parameters set for the study protocol were: milk concentration (0.