Surface tension of supercooled water determined by using a counterpressure capillary rise method.

Measurements of the surface tension of supercooled water down to -25 °C have been reported recently (Hrubý et al. J. Phys.

Golden beam data for proton pencil-beam scanning.

Proton, as well as other ion, beams applied by electro-magnetic deflection in pencil-beam scanning (PBS) are minimally perturbed and thus can be quantified a priori by their fundamental interactions in a medium. This a priori quantification permits an optimal reduction of characterizing measurements on a particular PBS delivery system. The combination of a priori quantification and measurements will then suffice to fully describe the physical interactions necessary for treatment planning purposes.