High prevalence of lactase non-persistence among indigenous nomadic Nenets, north-west Russia.

Objectives: The frequency of adult-type hypolactasia (lactase non-persistence) varies widely among different ethnic groups. The cultural historical hypothesis assumes a link between the occurrence of hypolactasia and the distribution of dairy farming. The nomadic Nenets have been reindeer herders for generations and have therefore not consumed any dairy products.

Lactase non-persistent genotype influences milk consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms in Northern Russians.

Background: Milk is an important source of nutrients. The consumption of milk, however, may cause abdominal complaints in lactose intolerant individuals. The frequency of -13910C/C genotype is known to be high among Northern Russians, exceeding the prevalence in northern Europe.

The -13914G>A variant upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) is associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence.

Background: Adult-type hypolactasia (lactase non-persistence) is a common cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. Several DNA sequence variants have been identified for the lactase-persistence/non-persistence (LP/LNP), the most common being the C to T residing -13910 bp upstream of the lactase gene (LCT). We have analysed sequence variants of LP/LNP in subjects originating from Northern Russia.

Use of quality improvement methods in Finnish health centres in 1998 and 2003.

Objective: To evaluate how widely quality improvement methods are used in Finnish primary health centres and how the use has changed over five years.

Design: Two national cross-sectional postal enquiries.

Setting And Subjects: The questionnaire in 1998 was sent to every other physician graduated during the years 1977-1986, and the questionnaire in 2003 to every other physician graduated during the years 1982-1991.

The role of job satisfaction, job dissatisfaction and demographic factors on physicians' intentions to switch work sector from public to private.

This study is based on a unique data set for the years 1988-2003 and uses structural equation models to examine the impact of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction on physicians' intention to switch from public- to private-sector work. In Finland, physicians who work primarily in a public-hospital or health-centre setting can also run a private practice. Therefore, we also analysed the impact of having a private practice on a physician's intention to change sector.

Factors associated with physicians' choice of working sector: a national longitudinal survey in Finland.

Objective: To analyse factors affecting physicians' choice to work in either the public or the private sector.

Method: We undertook a longitudinal data analysis in the years 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 (n = 12 909) using a multilevel modelling technique. Factors related to economic factors, physician identity, appreciation as well as demographic factors were hypothesised to influence sector choice.

Doctor-managers as decision makers in hospitals and health centres.

Purpose: This paper describes factors influencing doctor-managers' decision making in specialised health care, health centres and at different levels of management.

Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected as part of a survey on physicians graduating in 1977-1991 as drawn from the register of the Finnish Medical Association. The study sample was formed by selecting all physicians born on odd days (n=4144) from the baseline group (n=8232).

Improvement in undergraduate medical education: a 10-year follow-up in Finland.

Several studies have revealed that undergraduate medical education does not adequately prepare students for their work as physicians. There have been attempts to solve this problem in curriculum reforms in medical faculties. In this article, Finnish physicians' opinions on their undergraduate medical education are analysed.