The relationship between smoking motives and smoking urges experienced in response to a negative affect induction.

Introduction: The present study attempted to further elucidate the relationship between self-reported smoking motives and affect in college students.

Method: Smoking motives were measured via self-report, and following a laboratory negative affect (NA) mood induction, urge to smoke was assessed via three questions. Participants were college students (N=84) who reported smoking an average of 8.

Exposure to negative affect cues and urge to smoke.

While much of the cue exposure literature for cigarette smoking has focused on external cues, little has been done in the area of exposing participants to internal cues, such as negative affect (NA), despite the important role of such cues in maintaining smoking behavior. Smokers were exposed to an NA mood induction to induce an urge to smoke and then exposed to NA cues over several trials in an attempt to decrease this urge. Participants (N = 32) were undergraduate smokers assigned to either the exposure or control group for the mood induction procedure, which occurred over 8 trials.

The relationship between depression level and smoking motives in college smokers.

While the link between cigarette smoking and depression symptomatology has been well established, more research is needed to determine how smoking motives are related to depression levels in smokers. Specifically, smoking motives related to the friendship-like attachment to smoking (i.e.

Treatment of social anxiety with paroxetine: mediation of changes in anxiety and depression symptoms.

Investigation of relationship patterns between co-occurring symptoms has greatly improved the efficacy of psychiatric care. Depression and anxiety often present together, and identification of primary vs secondary psychiatric symptoms has implications for treatment. Previous psychotherapy research investigating the relationship between social anxiety and depression, across social anxiety treatment, found that severity of social anxiety accounted for most of the change in depression severity across time.

Alcohol outcome expectancies and drinking to cope with social situations.

Repeated use of alcohol as a coping strategy to reduce anxiety or discomfort increases one's risk of developing alcohol dependence. Previous studies have found alcohol outcome expectancies (AOE) strongly predict drinking behavior, in general, and also are related to drinking to cope. The purpose of the current study was to examine AOE that may be related to drinking to cope with discomfort in social situations.

Attentional bias and drinking to cope with social anxiety.

This study investigated the sensitivity of the emotional Stroop test for identifying individuals who reported drinking to cope with social fears. Community volunteers completed a modified Stroop task during which social threat, alcohol-related, and control words were presented. High scores on drinking-to-cope measures were hypothesized to be associated with longer response latencies to both social threat and alcohol-related words.

Drinking to cope in socially anxious individuals: a controlled study.

Background: Several hypotheses exist to account for the higher than normal rate of alcoholism in individuals with high trait anxiety (or anxiety disorders). Most of these suggest that the practice of drinking alcohol to reduce anxiety leads to an increased risk of alcoholism in vulnerable individuals. The first assumption of the hypothesis is that anxious individuals use alcohol to cope with their anxiety.

Self-medication in social phobia: a review of the alcohol literature.

It is well documented that many individuals endorse the belief that alcohol reduces social anxiety. Individuals with social phobia, therefore, might be expected to use alcohol as a coping strategy in an attempt at self-medication. The purpose of the present paper was to review the published literature on the relationship between alcohol use and social phobia to test the self-medication hypothesis (SMH).