Contextual factors affecting autonomy for patients in Iranian hospitals: A qualitative study.

Background: Consideration of patient autonomy is an essential element in individualized, patient-centered, ethical care. Internal and external factors associated with patient autonomy are related to culture and it is not clear what they are in Iran. The aim of this study was to explore contextual factors affecting the autonomy of patients in Iranian hospitals.

Nursing Students' Understanding of the Concept of Self-Esteem: a Qualitative Study.

Introduction: The concept of self-esteem has several definitions in different paradigms. Nursing has a unique and combined paradigm; therefore it is necessary to explore nursing students' understanding of the concept of self-esteem. The present study aimed to discover the extent and characteristics of the concept of self-esteem from the perspective of Iranian nursing students through a qualitative approach.

Efficacy and safety of treating T4 oral cavity tumors with primary chemoradiotherapy.

Background: Patients with T4 oral cavity (OC) tumors are often treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 4 multi-institutional phase II studies estimating long-term toxicity, locoregional control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) of primary CRT.

Results: Thirty-nine subjects were identified; 16 (42%) with bony involvement.

Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature.

Contends, on the basis of posited social-role theory of gender and helping, that the male gender role fosters helping that is heroic and chivalrous, whereas the female gender role fosters helping that is nurturant and caring. In social psychological studies, helping behavior has mainly been examined in the context of short-term encounters with strangers. This focus has tended to exclude from the research literature those helping behaviors prescribed by the female gender role, because they are displayed primarily in long-term, close relationships.