A Framework for the Virtual Medical Interview Process: Considerations for the Applicant and the Interviewer.

Videoconferencing platforms are being used for the purposes of interviewing in academic medicine because of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We present considerations applicable to interviewers and interviewees in the virtual space, with a focus on medical school and residency applicants. We reviewed the literature regarding the virtual interview process for medical school and residency by searching PubMed using the following keywords and terms: "interview," "academic medicine," "medical school application," "residency application," "virtual interviews," and "videoconferencing.

Prevalence of HIV among women entering labor who accepted or declined voluntary counseling and testing.

Objective: To assess whether there was a difference in HIV seroprevalence between eligible women who declined and those who agreed to participate in a study of voluntary counseling and testing among women entering labor with unknown HIV status in South Africa.

Methods: Anonymous cord blood specimens were collected-as dried blood spots-from all women approached for participation in a cluster-randomized trial. No patient identifiers were included on the cord blood specimens.

Safety and pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum.

Purpose: Evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of nelfinavir during pregnancy and postpartum in HIV-infected women.

Methods: Phase IV, non-randomized, open-label study of nelfinavir 625 mg tablets (1250 mg) in combination with lamivudine/zidovudine twice daily. Primary endpoint was treatment-related or possibly treatment-related gastrointestinal or hepatic adverse events (AEs).

A comparison of 3 regimens to prevent nevirapine resistance mutations in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving a single intrapartum dose of nevirapine.

Background: Intrapartum single-dose (SD) nevirapine (NVP) reduces perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but selects for NVP-resistant virus, which compromises subsequent NVP-based therapy. A 1-week "tail" of lamivudine and zidovudine after SD-NVP decreases the risk of resistance. We hypothesized that increasing the duration or potency of the tail would further reduce this risk to <10%, using a sensitive assay to measure resistance.

Rapid HIV testing and obstetrical characteristics of women with unknown HIV serostatus at time of labor and delivery.

Objective: To describe the obstetrical characteristics of women without prenatal care and/or undocumented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus who presented for delivery and to assess the usefulness of rapid HIV screening in these women.

Materials And Methods: The study design was a retrospective analysis. Demographics, labor, delivery characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes of women without prenatal care and/or unknown HIV serostatus were reviewed.

Rapid intrapartum or postpartum HIV testing at a midwife obstetric unit and a district hospital in South Africa.

Objective: To compare the prepartum and postpartum feasibility and acceptance of voluntary counseling and rapid testing (VCT) among women with unknown HIV status in South Africa.

Methods: Eligible women were randomized according to the calendar week of presentation to receive VCT either while in labor or after delivery.

Results: Of 7238 women approached, 542 (7.

Various viral compartments in HIV-1-infected mothers contribute to in utero transmission of HIV-1.

Perinatal HIV transmission occurs in utero or intrapartum. The mechanisms and timing of transmission are not clearly understood. To compare the genetic sequences of the V3 envelope region of infant's plasma HIV to that of the mother's plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and vaginal secretions, and correlate with timing of transmission.

Acquired copy number alterations in adult acute myeloid leukemia genomes.

Cytogenetic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells has accelerated the identification of genes important for AML pathogenesis. To complement cytogenetic studies and to identify genes altered in AML genomes, we performed genome-wide copy number analysis with paired normal and tumor DNA obtained from 86 adult patients with de novo AML using 1.85 million feature SNP arrays.

Rapid human immunodeficiency virus testing in obstetric outpatient settings: the MIRIAD study.

Objective: To evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of rapid human immunodeficiency virus testing in obstetric outpatient settings.

Study Design: The Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study was a prospective, multicenter study. Women were offered rapid and conventional human immunodeficiency virus testing if they presented to outpatient settings late in pregnancy with undocumented human immunodeficiency virus status.

Early postpartum pharmacokinetics of lopinavir initiated intrapartum in Thai women.

Lopinavir (LPV) exposure is reduced during the third trimester of pregnancy. We report the pharmacokinetics of standard LPV-ritonavir dosing (400/100 mg twice daily) in the immediate and early postpartum period when initiated during labor. In 16 human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai women, the median (range) LPV area under the concentration-time curve and maximum and minimum concentrations in plasma were 99.

Head and neck melanoma in the sentinel lymph node era.

Objective: To determine whether, in the era of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, head and neck melanoma (HNM) has a poorer outcome than melanomas at other sites (OMS).

Design: Prospective database, 1994 to 2004. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with HNM vs those with OMS were analyzed by Fisher test, paired t test, and chi(2) test.

Correlates of prenatal HIV testing in women with undocumented status at delivery.

Objective: To determine factors associated with prenatal HIV testing in women who accepted rapid testing at delivery.

Methods: The mother-infant rapid intervention at delivery (MIRIAD) protocol offered counseling and voluntary HIV testing in six US cities including New York City (NYC). These hospitals are required to document the HIV status of pregnant women or their infants.

Women identified with HIV at labor and delivery: testing, disclosing and linking to care challenges.

Objective: To determine if women with undocumented HIV status in late pregnancy or at labor and delivery who are rapidly tested and identified as HIV infected have high-risk behaviors and psychosocial obstacles hindering postpartum follow-up.

Methods: Consenting participants (women with undocumented HIV status and > or =24 weeks gestational age (GA) and imminent delivery or > or =34 weeks GA) in 6 cities were rapidly tested and interviewed. HIV-positive women were offered follow-up.

Rapid human immunodeficiency virus-1 testing on labor and delivery in 17 US hospitals: the MIRIAD experience.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and accuracy of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing during labor. The Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study was a prospective, multicenter study that offered voluntary, rapid HIV testing to women with undocumented HIV status at 17 hospitals in 6 cities. Of 12,481 eligible women, 74% were approached for participation and 85.

Primary human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy detected by repeat testing.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of pregnant women with newly acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that was identified by repeat testing.

Study Design: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study, which was conducted in 6 US cities, encouraged repeat HIV testing during pregnancy to identify primary infections.

Results: Fifty-four HIV-infected women were identified.

Characteristics and management of HIV-1-infected pregnant women enrolled in a randomised trial: differences between Europe and the USA.

Background: Rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (MTCT) have historically been lower in European than in American cohort studies, possibly due to differences in population characteristics. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol (PACTG) 316 trial evaluated the effectiveness of the addition of intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine in reducing MTCT in women already receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis. Participation of large numbers of pregnant HIV-infected women from the US and Western Europe enrolling in the same clinical trial provided the opportunity to identify and explore differences in their characteristics and in the use of non-study interventions to reduce MTCT.

Initial and repeat testing for chlamydia during pregnancy.

Objective: This study was done to evaluate the prevalence of chlamydia in late pregnancy after an initial negative test.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study reports prenatal patients entering care between January 1998 and May 2000 at an inner city community based clinic (n = 752). Patients were evaluated if results of initial and late tests (34 weeks gestational age) for chlamydia were known.

Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. Here we present approximately 237 million base pairs of sequence for chromosome 2, and 186 million base pairs for chromosome 4, representing more than 99.

Characteristics of women who deliver with no prenatal care.

Objective: To compare the characteristics, morbidities and pregnancy outcomes of women with no prenatal care and women receiving some care.

Methods: Medical records were abstracted for demographic variables as well as information concerning substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases and perinatal outcome. Bivariate associations of descriptive data were tested using odds ratios or Fisher's exact test.

Rapid HIV-1 testing during labor: a multicenter study.

Context: Timely testing of women in labor with undocumented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status could enable immediate provision of antiretroviral prophylaxis.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility and acceptance of rapid HIV testing among women in labor and to assess rapid HIV assay performance.

Design, Setting, And Patients: The Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention At Delivery (MIRIAD) study implemented 24-hour counseling and voluntary rapid HIV testing for women in labor at 16 US hospitals from November 16, 2001, through November 15, 2003.

The impact of race/ethnicity on mother-to-child HIV transmission in the United States in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 316.

The present analysis was designed to determine whether race/ethnicity was independently associated with mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission risk in subjects enrolled in a trial of 2-dose intra-partum nevirapine in combination with standard antiretroviral therapy and to determine what factors, including race/ethnicity, predicted maternal viral suppression at the time of delivery. Women enrolled in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 316 from sites in the United States and Puerto Rico were included. Distribution of selected maternal disease and treatment characteristics was assessed by race/ethnicity category.

Maternal toxicity and pregnancy complications in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women receiving antiretroviral therapy: PACTG 316.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate rates of maternal toxicity, pregnancy complications, and peripartum morbidity by type and duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy.

Study Design: The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) Protocol 316 (PACTG 316) study evaluated the addition of intrapartum/neonatal nevirapine to background ART to reduce perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). For this secondary analysis, women were categorized into one of six groups on the basis of ART during pregnancy (monotherapy [monoRx], combination without protease inhibitor [PI], combination with PI), and start time (early: before or during first trimester; late: second or third trimester).

The challenges of informed consent for rapid HIV testing in labor.

Background: Although increasing attention has been focused on the adequacy of the informed consent process for participation in research studies, there has been little systematic evaluation of the process, particularly when consent is obtained in the labor and delivery setting. The Mother Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study is an ongoing multisite study initiated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) designed to evaluate the feasibility of offering 24-hour counseling and voluntary rapid HIV testing and antriretroviral therapy when indicated to women with unknown HIV status who are in labor.

Methods: To address concerns about obtaining informed consent from women in labor, we have completed focus groups, conducted a pilot of the informed consent process among women in labor, developed flip-charts to enhance comprehension, and plan an ongoing evaluation of the informed consent process throughout the course of the MIRIAD study.

Initial and repeated screening for gonorrhea during pregnancy.

Background And Goal: Late pregnancy rescreening is advised for at-risk patients, but data supporting this recommendation are lacking. The intent of this study was to determine the value of a late-pregnancy test for gonorrhea after a negative initial test at the beginning of prenatal care.

Study Design: A retrospective chart review of clinic records over a 29-month period identified patients with a positive DNA direct assay for gonorrhea either initially or at 34 weeks.