Presentation and Outcome in S1P-RM and Natalizumab-Associated Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Background And Objectives: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe neurologic disease resulting from JC virus reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Certain multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are associated with PML risk, such as natalizumab and, more rarely, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1P-RMs). Although natalizumab-associated PML is well documented, information on S1P-RM-associated PML is limited.

T Lymphocyte Serotonin 5-HT Receptor Is Dysregulated in Natalizumab-Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Serotonin (5-HT) is known as a potent immune cell modulator in autoimmune diseases and should be protective in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge about receptors involved in 5-HT effects as well as induced mechanisms. Among 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT receptor is able to activate naïve T cells and influence the inflammatory response; however, its involvement in the disease has never been studied so far.

Worsening and newly diagnosed paraneoplastic syndromes following anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapies, a descriptive study.

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are autoimmune disorders specifically associated with cancer. There are few data on anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in patients with a PNS. Our objective was to describe the outcome for patients with a pre-existing or newly diagnosed PNS following the initiation of anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Increased frequency of anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Objective: To report the induction of anti-Ma2 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome (Ma2-PNS) in 6 patients after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We also analyzed (1) patient clinical features compared with a cohort of 44 patients who developed Ma2-PNS without receiving ICI treatment and (2) the frequency of neuronal antibody detection before and after ICI implementation.

Methods: Retrospective nationwide study of all patients with Ma2-PNS developed during ICI treatment between 2017 and 2018.

Co-occurrence of MS and ALS: a clue in favor of common pathophysiological findings?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are two neurological disorders that seem, theoretically, completely divergent according to epidemiological, clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic data. However, some reports that have mentioned the occurrence of both conditions within the same patient underpin the suggestion that this co-occurrence might not be random. We report six co-occurrences of ALS and MS cases, focusing on epidemiological and clinical diseases findings.