Carbon footprint of healthcare systems: a systematic review of evidence and methods.

Objective: Given the demand for net-zero healthcare, the carbon footprint (CF) of healthcare systems has attracted increasing interest in research in recent years. This systematic review investigates the results and methodological transparency of CF calculations of healthcare systems. The methodological emphasis lies specifically on input-output based calculations.

The impact of switching from single-use to reusable healthcare products: a transparency checklist and systematic review of life-cycle assessments.

Background: Replacing single-use products with reusable ones may reduce the environmental impact of healthcare. This study aimed to broadly assess the environmental effects of that substitution.

Methods: A systematic review of comparative cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessments (LCAs) of single-use and reusable healthcare products was conducted.

Greenhouse gas emissions of an outpatient care service: a cost-based approach.

Introduction: Climate change is already having an impact on global health and will continue to do so even more. Heat waves and extreme weather events are only part of the impact. Adapting health services to these threats is only partially possible, so another focus should be on mitigating climate change by minimising greenhouse gas emissions.

A Transparency Checklist for Carbon Footprint Calculations Applied within a Systematic Review of Virtual Care Interventions.

Increasing concerns about climate change imply that decisions on the digitization of healthcare should consider evidence about its carbon footprint (CF). This study aims to develop a transparency catalogue for reporting CF calculations, to compare results, and to assess the transparency (reporting quality) of the current evidence of virtual care (VC) intervention. We developed a checklist of transparency criteria based on the consolidation of three established standards/norms for CF calculation.