Anticipatory Life Cycle Analysis of In Vitro Biomass Cultivation for Cultured Meat Production in the United States.

Cultured, or in vitro, meat consists of edible biomass grown from animal stem cells in a factory, or carnery. In the coming decades, in vitro biomass cultivation could enable the production of meat without the need to raise livestock. Using an anticipatory life cycle analysis framework, the study described herein examines the environmental implications of this emerging technology and compares the results with published impacts of beef, pork, poultry, and another speculative analysis of cultured biomass.

Distraction osteogenesis versus orthognathic surgery for the treatment of maxillary hypoplasia in cleft lip and palate patients: a systematic review.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of distraction osteogenesis to orthognathic surgery for the treatment of maxillary hypoplasia in individuals with cleft lip and palate.

Method: A systematic review of prospective randomized, quasi-randomized or controlled clinical trials. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, CENTRAL, trial registers and grey literature were searched.

Phase variation mediates reductions in expression of surface proteins during persistent meningococcal carriage.

Asymptomatic and persistent colonization of the upper respiratory tract by Neisseria meningitidis occurs despite elicitation of adaptive immune responses against surface antigens. A putative mechanism for facilitating host persistence of this bacterial commensal and pathogen is alterations in expression of surface antigens by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-mediated phase variation. We investigated how often phase variation occurs during persistent carriage by analyzing the SSRs of eight loci in multiple isolates from 21 carriers representative of 1 to 6 months carriage.

3D asymmetry of operated children with oral clefts.

Objectives: To explore three-dimensional (3D) facial asymmetry differences in operated children with oral clefts and to compare the results with a control group.

Setting And Sample Population: The sample comprised one hundred and three 8- to 12-year-old children: 40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP); 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA); 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP); 21 with cleft palate (CP) and 80 sex- and age-matched controls living in the North East of England.

Materials And Methods: 3D stereophotogrammetric facial scans were recorded for each participant at rest.

3D facial morphometry in children with oral clefts.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize three-dimensional (3D) facial morphological variation of children with cleft lip and palate compared to an age- and sex-matched control group.

Design: Cross-sectional, case-controlled observational morphometric study.

Materials And Methods: Subjects were 103 children aged 8 to 12 years old with cleft lip and palate-40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate, 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus, 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 21 with isolated cleft palate (ICP)-and 80 sex- and age-matched control subjects.

3D comparison of average faces in subjects with oral clefts.

This prospective cross-sectional, case-controlled morphometric study assessed three dimensional (3D) facial morphological differences between average faces of 103 children aged 8-12 years; 40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA), 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), 21 with isolated cleft palate (ICP), and 80 gender and age-matched controls. 3D stereophotogrammetric facial scans were recorded for each participant at rest. Thirty-nine landmarks were digitized for each scan, and x-, y-, z-coordinates for each landmark were extracted.

Three-dimensional gender differences in facial form of children in the North East of England.

The aim of the prospective cross-sectional morphometric study was to explore three dimensional (3D) facial shape and form (shape plus size) variation within and between 8- and 12-year-old Caucasian children; 39 males age-matched with 41 females. The 3D images were captured using a stereophotogrammeteric system, and facial form was recorded by digitizing 39 anthropometric landmarks for each scan. The x, y, z coordinates of each landmark were extracted and used to calculate linear and angular measurements.

Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics applied to the study of children with cleft lip and/or palate from the North East of England.

This prospective cross-sectional, case-controlled morphometric study investigated three-dimensional facial morphological variation among and between 8- and 12-year-old children [40 with a unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 23 with a unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA), 19 with a bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), and 21 with an isolated cleft palate (ICP)]. Eighty gender- and age-matched individuals comprised the control group. The mean shape of each group was computed using generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA).

Abnormal tooth size and morphology in subjects with cleft lip and/or palate in the north of England.

The aim of this study was to investigate tooth size and morphology in subjects with unilateral cleft palate (UCLP), bilateral cleft palate (BCLP), and isolated cleft palate (ICP) living in the north of England and to compare these with a control group. The measurements were undertaken retrospectively using dental study casts. To assess tooth size, the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of each fully erupted permanent tooth were measured using digital Vernier callipers.

Immunomodulation by herpesvirus U51A chemokine receptor via CCL5 and FOG-2 down-regulation plus XCR1 and CCR7 mimicry in human leukocytes.

Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) betachemokine-receptor U51A binds inflammatory modulators CCL2, CCL5, CCL11, CCL7, and CCL13. This unique specificity overlaps that of human chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5. In model cell lines, expression leads to CCL5 down-regulation with both constitutive and inducible signaling.

Adhesives for fixed orthodontic bands.

Background: Orthodontic treatment involves using fixed or removable appliances (dental braces) to correct the positions of teeth. It has been shown that the quality of treatment result obtained with fixed appliances is much better than with removable appliances. Fixed appliances are, therefore, favoured by most orthodontists for treatment.

Adhesives for fixed orthodontic bands.

Background: Orthodontic treatment involves using fixed or removable appliances (dental braces) to correct the positions of teeth. It has been shown that the quality of treatment result obtained with fixed appliances is much better than with removable appliances. Fixed appliances are, therefore, favoured by most orthodontists for treatment.

Chemokine-directed trafficking of receptor stimulus to different g proteins: selective inducible and constitutive signaling by human herpesvirus 6-encoded chemokine receptor U51.

The human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6)-encoded chemokine receptor U51 constitutively activates phospholipase C (PLC) and inhibits cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-mediated gene transcription via the activation of G(q/11) proteins. Yet, chemokines known to bind U51 differentially regulate U51 coupling to G proteins. CCL5/RANTES induced pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive increases in PLC activity and changes in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), whereas both CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL11/eotaxin failed to stimulate PLC activity or increase [Ca2+]i.

Undergraduate orthodontic teaching in the new millennium--the Newcastle model.

This paper identifies the main factors which have influenced the nature of the undergraduate orthodontic curriculum presently taught at Newcastle University. It also outlines the philosophy that underpins the teaching, states the professional aims of the tutors and spells out the clinical objectives set for the students.

Smile aesthetics and malocclusion in UK teenage magazines assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN).

Objective: There is a significant demand for orthodontic treatment within the UK from adolescent girls, a group known to be influenced by the media portrayal of body form and body image, which may extend to the presentation of malocclusions. This study examined the portrayal of malocclusion in a media type that targets teenage girls under 16 years of age.

Materials And Methods: A representative selection of 1 month's magazines targeting this group were investigated, and the frequency and severity of malocclusions displayed were assessed.

Linkage of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gO variant groups identified from worldwide clinical isolates with gN genotypes, implications for disease associations and evidence for N-terminal sites of positive selection.

Previously, we identified the glycoprotein gO gene, UL74, as a hypervariable locus in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome [Virology 293 (2002) 281]. Here, we analyze gO from 50 isolates from congenitally infected newborns, transplant recipients, and HIV/AIDS patients from Italy, Australia, and UK. These are compared to four gO groups described from USA transplantation patients [J.

Adhesives for fixed orthodontic brackets.

Background: Bonding of orthodontic brackets to teeth is important to enable effective and efficient treatment with fixed appliances. The problem is bracket failure during treatment which increases operator chairside time and lengthens treatment time. A prolonged treatment is likely to increase the oral health risks of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances one of which is irreversible enamel decalcification.

Current products and practice section: religious, cultural, and ethical dilemmas in orthodontics.

There are potential religious, cultural and ethical dilemmas facing patients who are undergoing orthodontic treatment. Opinions were collected from religious and cultural leaders, as well as from non-religious groups who take an ethical standpoint on certain medical or dental treatment. Factors relating to ingredients in orthodontic products, timing of orthodontic appointments, and the effects of religious fasting are all discussed.

Ethical and scientific decision making in distraction osteogenesis.

Objective: To propose a prospective registry for distraction osteogenesis research.

Results: The search strategy identified 82 reports, of which 11 were review articles, 17 were animal studies, 5 were theoretical models, and 49 were case reports/series.

Conclusions: So far, the literature concerning distraction osteogenesis does not allow reliable choices to be made on the most appropriate form of distraction osteogenesis in different clinical decisions or whether it is superior to osteotomy or nontreatment.

Orthodontic adhesives: a systematic review.

Objectives: To evaluate which orthodontic adhesives (a). bond orthodontic brackets to teeth more reliably and (b). are more effective at preventing decalcification.

Fluoride-releasing elastomeric modules reduce decalcification: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To determine whether fluoride releasing elastomeric modules reduced the incidence of decalcification around orthodontic brackets during a complete course of orthodontic treatment.

Design: A randomised controlled, split mouth design.

Setting: The study was carried out in the orthodontic department of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Dental Hospital, UK.

Mandibular advancement using an intra-oral osteogenic distraction technique: a report of three clinical cases.

Osteogenic distraction has been used for decades to lengthen limbs and now attention is focused upon its use within the craniofacial skeleton. This paper addresses distraction of the mandible. It is proposed that mandibular osteogenic distraction could be a possible adjunct to the orthodontic treatment of those adult patients with skeletal anomalies, who would benefit from combined orthodontic/orthognathic treatment.

Osteogenic distraction within the craniofacial complex.

Osteogenic distraction is a method of increasing bone length, and was developed by orthopaedic surgeons. It is now being used in the craniofacial region. This paper outlines some of the suggested uses: mandibular distraction can be used to correct hypoplasia and asymmetry in both children and adults; maxillary distraction can bring the midface forward, and holds potential for people with cleft lip and palate; augmentation of alveolar ridges and regeneration of mandibular tissue following tumour resection show considerable promise.

A comparative micro-topographic study of the buccal enamel of different tooth types.

The aim of this study was to perform an in vitro examination of the etch pattern achieved on the orthodontic bonding area (OBA) of different tooth types, and to compare the extent and definition of etch achieved. Six examples of each permanent human tooth type were studied. These were collected from adolescents.

The diagnostic value of routine intra-oral premaxillary radiographs in orthodontic assessment.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant dental abnormalities are likely to be overlooked in the anterior region of the maxilla if, in the absence of any clinical indication for further views, the only radiograph used during an initial orthodontic assessment is a good-quality orthopantomogram (OPT).

Sample And Methods: Two orthodontists examined, retrospectively, the written and radiographic dental hospital records of 1169 consecutive, new, young patients who on their first visit to a dental teaching hospital underwent radiographic examination comprising an OPT and one or more supplementary radiographs of the anterior maxilla.

Results: In five cases (0.