Navigated and individual α-peak-frequency-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation in male patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia.

Background: Previous electroencephalography (EEG) studies have indicated altered brain oscillatory α-band activity in schizophrenia, and treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using individualized α-frequency has shown therapeutic effects. Magnetic resonance imaging-based neuronavigation methods allow stimulation of a specific cortical region and improve targeting of rTMS; therefore, we sought to study the efficacy of navigated, individual α-peak-frequency-guided rTMS (αTMS) on treatment-refractory schizophrenia.

Methods: We recruited medication-refractory male patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in this doubleblind, sham-controlled study.

The Progression of Alzheimer's Disease Can Be Assessed with a Short Version of the CERAD Neuropsychological Battery: The Kuopio ALSOVA Study.

Background/aims: Measuring and predicting Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression is important in order to adjust treatment and allocate care resources. We aimed to identify a combination of subtests from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Neuropsychological Battery (CERAD-NB) that best correlated with AD progression in follow-up as well as to predict AD progression.

Method: A total of 236 participants with very mild [Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) = 0.

Word list learning in patients with polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy.

Background/aims: Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL) is a rare hereditary disease that is characterized by a combination of progressive presenile dementia and sclerosing leukoencephalopathy with bone cysts. No quantitative information on verbal memory functioning in PLOSL patients compared with control subjects is available.

Methods: 23 patients with PLOSL and 23 control subjects were examined with a version of the 10-word list-learning task.

Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Differences in Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: Kuopio ALSOVA Study.

Background/aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes impairment in memory and other cognitive functions as well as neuropsychiatric symptoms and limitations in the activities of daily living (ADL). The aim of this study was to examine whether demographic variables, dementia severity, ADL and neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with cognition in very mild or mild AD.

Methods: We analyzed the baseline data of 236 patients with very mild or mild AD participating in a prospective AD follow-up study (ALSOVA).

Neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life in patients with very mild and mild Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common manifestations of Alzheimer' s disease (AD).

Objective: To examine the prevalence and significance of NPS in very mild and mild AD patients with emphasis on their influence on the well-being of the patients and their caregivers.

Methods: The participants were 240 patient-caregiver dyads who participated in a prospective, controlled rehabilitation study (ALSOVA).

Olfactory identification in non-demented elderly population and in mild cognitive impairment: a comparison of performance in clinical odor identification versus Boston Naming Test.

Performance in olfactory identification was studied in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using slightly expanded standard clinical approach to study the olfactory nerve. Four hundred and eighty-six cognitively normal individuals and 72 individuals with MCI underwent spontaneous and cued odor identification and delayed odor recall. Performance in these was compared with the performance in the CERAD version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT).

Voxel-based morphometry to detect brain atrophy in progressive mild cognitive impairment.

Recent research has shown an increased rate of conversion to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to controls. However, there are no specific methods to predict who will later develop dementia. In the present study, 22 controls and 56 MCI subjects were followed on average for 37 months (max.

MRI of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study.

The concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been proposed to represent a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. We studied the predictive value of the MRI-derived volumes of medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures, white matter lesions (WML), neuropsychological tests, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on conversion of MCI to dementia and AD. The study included 60 subjects with MCI identified from population cohorts.

The effect of apolipoprotein polymorphism on brain in mild cognitive impairment: a voxel-based morphometric study.

We investigated the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on the whole brain in 51 individuals with mild cognitive impairment using voxel-based morphometry. Between cases heterozygous for the ApoE epsilon4 (n = 15) and those who were ApoE epsilon4 noncarriers (n = 28), only the right parahippocampal gyrus, with the entorhinal cortex included, reached the level of statistical significance. In cases homozygous for the epsilon4 allele (n = 8) versus noncarriers, the greatest atrophy was located in the right amygdala followed by the right parahippocampal gyrus, the left amygdala and the left medial dorsal thalamic nucleus.

Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment and early AD.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested as a useful tool in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on MRI-derived volumes, we studied the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (ERC) in 59 controls, 65 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 48 patients with AD. The controls and individuals with MCI were derived from population-based cohorts.

Incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based three-year follow-up study of cognitively healthy elderly subjects.

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has attracted considerable interest as a potential predictor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon4 allele and vascular factors have been associated with a higher risk for AD, recently they have also been linked to the risk of MCI.

Objectives: To estimate the incidence of MCI among cognitively healthy elderly subjects during a 3-year follow-up, and to evaluate the impact of demographic and vascular factors as well as the ApoE epsilon4 allele on the conversion to MCI.