Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.

Background: Global dietary recommendations for and cardiovascular effects of linoleic acid, the major dietary omega-6 fatty acid, and its major metabolite, arachidonic acid, remain controversial. To address this uncertainty and inform international recommendations, we evaluated how in vivo circulating and tissue levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) relate to incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) across multiple international studies.

Methods: We performed harmonized, de novo, individual-level analyses in a global consortium of 30 prospective observational studies from 13 countries.

Gene-diet interaction of a common FADS1 variant with marine polyunsaturated fatty acids for fatty acid composition in plasma and erythrocytes among men.

Scope: Limited information exists on how the relationship between dietary intake of fat and fatty acids in erythrocytes and plasma is modulated by polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster. We examined gene-diet interaction of total marine PUFA intake with a known gene encoding Δ-5 desaturase enzyme (FADS1) variant (rs174550) for fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters (CE), and triglycerides (TG).

Methods And Results: In this cross-sectional study, fatty acid compositions were measured using GC, and total intake of polyunsaturated fat from fish and fish oil was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire in a subsample (n = 962) of the Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study.

Longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes risk and markers of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.

Purpose: To examine the longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity over several years.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study derived from the randomized Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Total serum fatty acid composition was measured using gas chromatography in 407 overweight, middle-aged people with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline (1993-1998) and annually during the intervention period (1994-2000).

Effect of fatty and lean fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses in subjects with coronary heart disease: a controlled trial.

Background: Fish oil intake reduces serum triglycerides; however, little is known about the effects of dietary fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses.

Objective: We aimed at assessing the effect of fatty and lean fish intake on the lipoprotein subclasses in an intervention study.

Methods: The intervention study included 33 patients with coronary heart disease, who were aged 61.

Brain electrical activity during food presentation in obese binge-eating women.

Binge-eating (BE) subjects have shown altered brain activity at frontal regions during food presentation. The aim of this study was to examine the frontal brain electrical activity in obese BE women (n = 12) and in obese women without BE (non-BE, n = 13). Brain electrical activity was measured using a quantitative electroencephalography during a resting state (eyes-closed) and when the subjects focused (eyes-open) their attention on a picture of a landscape (control experiment) or on a meal (food experiment).

Viscosity of oat bran-enriched beverages influences gastrointestinal hormonal responses in healthy humans.

Viscous fibers, including beta-glucan in oat bran, favorably affect satiety as well as postprandial carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. However, effects of fiber viscosity on modulation of satiety-related gut hormone responses are largely unknown. We examined the effects of modified oat bran, with or without its natural viscosity, on sensations of appetite and satiety-related gastrointestinal (GI) hormone responses to establish the relevance of viscosity of beta-glucan in oat bran.

Effects of fatty and lean fish intake on blood pressure in subjects with coronary heart disease using multiple medications.

Background: Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids has been of wide interest due to their beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors and lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.

Aim Of The Study: The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of fatty fish and lean (white) fish on fatty acid composition of serum lipids and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with CHD using multiple drugs for this condition.

Methods: The study was an 8-week controlled, parallel intervention.

The G-250A polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter is associated with changes in hepatic lipase activity and LDL cholesterol: The KANWU Study.

Background And Aims: Hepatic lipase (HL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids from lipoproteins, and promotes the hepatic uptake of lipoproteins. A common G-250A polymorphism in the promoter of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) has been described. The aim was to study the effects of the G-250A polymorphism on HL activity, serum lipid profile and insulin sensitivity.

Effects of hempseed and flaxseed oils on the profile of serum lipids, serum total and lipoprotein lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors.

Background: Both hempseed oil (HO) and flaxseed oil (FO) contain high amounts of essential fatty acids (FAs); i.e. linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), but almost in opposite ratios.

Antibodies against oxidized LDL and cardiolipin and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease.

The association between antibodies against oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and cardiolipin and the risks of death and cardiovascular disease events were evaluated in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). The patients (mean age: 61 years, range: 33-74 years) were participants in the EUROASPIRE study; 108 of them had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery, 106 had balloon angioplasty, 101 had a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 98 acute myocardial ischemia. Antibodies against oxLDL and cardiolipin were measured and incidence of CHD events and deaths were followed up for 5 years in 284 men and 129 women.

Leucine7 to proline7 polymorphism in prepro-NPY gene and femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a versatile neurotransmitter that has recently been shown to regulate bone metabolism in animal and in vitro studies. We studied the influence of leucine7-to-proline7 (Leu7/Pro7) polymorphism of the NPY signal peptide gene on bone mineral density (BMD) before and after a 5-year hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in 316 early postmenopausal women participating in a randomized controlled trial nested in the population-based Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention (OSTPRE) study. The participants were randomized into two treatment groups: the HRT group (n = 146) received a sequential combination of 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 mg cyproterone acetate and calcium lactate, 500 mg/day (equal to 93 mg Ca2+) alone or in combination with vitamin D3, 100-300 IU/day.

n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease.

Background: Data on the association of n-3 fatty acid content in serum lipids with mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are limited.

Objective: We hypothesized that a high proportion of n-3 fatty acids in serum lipids would be associated with reduced risks of death and coronary events in patients with established CAD.

Design: We measured dietary intakes via food records and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters (CEs) in 285 men and 130 women with CAD (x age: 61 y; range: 33-74 y).

Effect of alpha-linolenic acid-rich Camelina sativa oil on serum fatty acid composition and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Camelina sativa-derived oil (camelina oil) is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid. The proportion of alpha-linolenic acid in serum fatty acids is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We studied the effects of camelina oil on serum lipids and on the fatty acid composition of total lipids in comparison to rapeseed and olive oils in a parallel, double-blind setting.

Association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-gamma2 gene with 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes and body weight change in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.

The association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma2 gene with the incidence of type 2 diabetes was investigated in 522 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) participating in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Subjects were randomized to either an intensive diet and exercise group or a control group. By 3 years of intervention, the odds ratio of the development of type 2 diabetes for subjects with the Ala12 allele was 2.

Association of the fatty acid profile of serum lipids with glucose and insulin metabolism during 2 fat-modified diets in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

Background: Both the amount and quality of dietary fat can modify glucose and insulin metabolism.

Objective: The objective was to examine the relation between serum lipid fatty acids and glucose metabolism before and after the consumption of a diet enriched in either monounsaturated (Mono diet) or polyunsaturated (Poly diet) fatty acids.

Design: After consuming a high-saturated-fat run-in diet for 3 wk, 31 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were randomly counseled to consume the Mono [40% fat; 11%, 19%, and 8% of energy as saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (S:M:P), respectively] or the Poly (34% fat; S:M:P of 11%:10%:10%) diet for 8 wk.

Association of leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism in the preproneuropeptide Y with serum lipids in patients with coronary heart disease.

Leucine 7 (Leu7) to proline 7 (Pro7) substitution in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene has been associated with higher serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, particularly in obese subjects. We investigated the frequency of the Pro7 allele and the association of the polymorphism with serum lipid levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 414 CHD patients (mean age 61 years, range 33-74) participated in the cross-sectional EUROASPIRE study.