Automated Detection of Pediatric Foreign Body Aspiration from Chest X-rays Using Machine Learning.

Objective/hypothesis: Standard chest radiographs are a poor diagnostic tool for pediatric foreign body aspiration. Machine learning may improve upon the diagnostic capabilities of chest radiographs. The objective is to develop a machine learning algorithm that improves the diagnostic capabilities of chest radiographs in pediatric foreign body aspiration.

Motion-compensated low-rank reconstruction for simultaneous structural and functional UTE lung MRI.

Purpose: Three-dimensional UTE MRI has shown the ability to provide simultaneous structural and functional lung imaging, but it is limited by respiratory motion and relatively low lung parenchyma SNR. The purpose of this paper is to improve this imaging by using a respiratory phase-resolved reconstruction approach, named motion-compensated low-rank reconstruction (MoCoLoR), which directly incorporates motion compensation into a low-rank constrained reconstruction model for highly efficient use of the acquired data.

Theory And Methods: The MoCoLoR reconstruction is formulated as an optimization problem that includes a low-rank constraint using estimated motion fields to reduce the rank, optimizing over both the motion fields and reconstructed images.

Factors and Labor Cost Savings Associated with Successful Pediatric Imaging without Anesthesia: a Single-Institution Study.

Rationale And Objectives: In pediatric imaging, sedation is often necessary to obtain diagnostic quality imaging. We aim to quantify patient and imaging-specific factors associated with successful pediatric scans without anesthesia and to evaluate labor cost savings associated with our institutional Scan Without Anesthesia Program (SWAP).

Materials And Methods: Patients who participated in SWAP between 2019-2022 were identified.

Incorporating Radiomics into Machine Learning Models to Predict Outcomes of Neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma is one of the most common pediatric cancers. This study used machine learning (ML) to predict the mortality and a few other investigated intermediate outcomes of neuroblastoma patients non-invasively from CT images. Performances of multiple ML algorithms over retrospective CT images of 65 neuroblastoma patients are analyzed.

Rate of head ultrasound abnormalities at one month in very premature and extremely premature infants with normal initial screening ultrasound.

Background: Premature infants are at risk for multiple types of intracranial injury with potentially significant long-term neurological impact. The number of screening head ultrasounds needed to detect such injuries remains controversial.

Objective: To determine the rate of abnormal findings on routine follow-up head ultrasound (US) performed in infants born at ≤ 32 weeks' gestational age (GA) after initial normal screening US.

Use of Digital Tomosynthesis in Assessing Accurate Medial Epicondyle Fracture Displacement as Compared With Conventional Radiography and Computed Tomography.

Introduction: Medial epicondyle fracture displacement is notoriously difficult to determine on conventional radiography, and follow-up computed tomography (CT) is often obtained to measure precise displacement. Another option for fracture characterization is digital tomosynthesis (DT), a technology providing high in-plane resolution of bony anatomy by acquiring multiple low-dose images in a linear arc. Advantages of DT include lower radiation exposure and lower cost than CT, rapid image acquisition, and a similar patient experience to conventional radiography.

Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma), Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

The NCCN Guidelines for Wilms Tumor focus on the screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and management of Wilms tumor (WT, also known as nephroblastoma). WT is the most common primary renal tumor in children. Five-year survival is more than 90% for children with all stages of favorable histology WT who receive appropriate treatment.

Evaluating a Web-based Point-of-care Ultrasound Curriculum for the Diagnosis of Intussusception.

Objectives: Intussusception is a pediatric medical emergency that can be difficult to diagnose. Radiology-performed ultrasound is the diagnostic study of choice but may lead to delays due to lack of availability. Point-of-care ultrasound for intussusception (POCUS-I) studies have shown excellent accuracy and reduced lengths of stay, but there are limited POCUS-I training materials for pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) providers.

Association of image-defined risk factors with clinical features, histopathology, and outcomes in neuroblastoma.

Background: Clinical, molecular, and histopathologic features guide treatment for neuroblastoma, but obtaining tumor tissue may cause complications and is subject to sampling error due to tumor heterogeneity. We hypothesized that image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) would reflect molecular features, histopathology, and clinical outcomes in neuroblastoma.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 76 patients with neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma.

The role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative pediatric cochlear implantation work-up in academic institutions.

Objective: The goal of the study is to investigate the association of pertinent preoperative temporal bone computed tomography (CT) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results and intraoperative surgical findings and complications of pediatric cochlear implantation reported in academic settings.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of cochlear implant patients who received a pre-operative temporal bone CT and MRI of the brain between 2005 and 2012 at academic pediatric otolaryngology practices within children's hospitals in the United States and France. Scans were reviewed in a double-blind fashion and compared to intraoperative findings.

Monitoring Arteriovenous Malformation Response to Genotype-Targeted Therapy.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have recently been reported to have a high incidence of somatic KRAS mutations suggesting potential for treatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. In this case report, we describe genotype-targeted treatment of a KRAS mutant metameric AVM in a patient with Cobb syndrome using the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor trametinib. Therapeutic response was monitored with phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography to quantify AVM arterial inflow as an imaging biomarker.

Evaluating the Performance of Augmented Reality in Displaying Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Derived Three-Dimensional Holographic Models.

Introduction/background: Establishing accuracy and precision of magnetic resonance (MR)-derived augmented reality (AR) models is critical before clinical utilization, particularly in preoperative planning. We investigate the performance of an AR application in representing and displaying MR-derived three-dimensional holographic models.

Methods: Thirty gold standard (GS) measurements were obtained on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantom (six interfiducial distances and five configurations).

Improved diagnostic confidence and accuracy of pediatric elbow fractures with digital tomosynthesis.

Background: Pediatric elbow fractures are common but remain challenging to accurately diagnose. Digital tomosynthesis is a technique that has shown promise in difficult adult fracture patterns but has not been formally studied in the pediatric population.

Objective: To assess the added value of digital tomosynthesis on the detection and diagnostic confidence of pediatric elbow fractures.

Digital tomosynthesis of the pediatric elbow.

Imaging pediatric elbow trauma in the acute setting remains diagnostically challenging given difficult patient positioning, multiple ossification centers of the pediatric elbow, overlapping structures, and complex joint anatomy. Digital tomosynthesis is a technique where the X-ray source travels across a limited arc angle, obtaining a series of low-dose exposures that are in turn digitally reconstructed to produce high in-plane resolution at a relatively low overall radiation dose. Digital tomosynthesis is now more commonly integrated into standard radiographic machines and offers a new and exciting way to assess the pediatric elbow.

Assessment of quiet T2 weighted PROPELLER sequence in pediatric abdominal imaging.

Introduction: Elevated acoustic noise during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been associated with patient anxiety and altered cochlear function. Acoustic Reduction Technique (ART) T2 weighted (T2w) periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) has been studied in brain MR but not abdominopelvic imaging. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the image quality and acoustic noise level of ART T2w PROPELLER sequence in comparison with the conventional T2w PROPELLER sequence in pediatric abdomino-pelvic imaging.

Assessing 3D T2 FSE sequence for identification of the normal appendix: working toward a single-sequence MR appendicitis protocol.

Purposes: To assess the ability of a single isotropic 3D T2 FSE sequence to identify the normal appendix in children with potential implication as alternative second-line modality in pediatric appendicitis.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of MR abdomino-pelvis or pelvis in children from Oct 2014-Dec 2016 was done. Only exams with 3D T2 FSE sequence performed on a single scanner type were selected.

Musculoskeletal Traumatic Injuries in Children: Characteristic Imaging Findings and Mimickers.

Musculoskeletal traumatic injuries in children demonstrate characteristic imaging findings. The physis is the most susceptible structure to traumatic injury. The periosteum in children plays a key role in rapid bone healing and stability.

Thoracic Neoplasms in Children: Contemporary Perspectives and Imaging Assessment.

This article focuses on commonly encountered primary lung, airway, mediastinal, and chest wall neoplasms that occur in the pediatric population. Although primary pediatric thoracic neoplasms are rare, imaging is critical in their diagnostic work-up. An overview of the latest imaging techniques specific to evaluate these pediatric thoracic neoplasms is presented across the spectrum of modalities from radiography to PET/MR imaging.

Incidental Findings on Pediatric Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Angiography.

Rationale And Objectives: Abdominal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has gained favor in pediatric patients owing to its lack of ionizing radiation and noninvasive nature. Reports exist regarding incidental findings on body MRA in adult patients. However, the incidental findings in pediatric abdominal MRA have not been previously reported.

Comparison of Mechanical Versus Hand Administration of IV Contrast Agents for Pediatric Pulmonary CT Angiography.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between mechanical versus hand administration of IV contrast agents on the diagnostic quality of pediatric pulmonary CT angiography (CTA).

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records was performed to detect pediatric patients (≤ 18 years) with pulmonary CTA performed between September 2012 and March 2015. Patients were placed into two cohorts on the basis of the method of contrast administration (mechanical vs hand).

Magnetic resonance imaging of Müllerian duct anomalies in children.

Müllerian duct anomalies encompass a wide variety of disorders resulting from abnormalities in the embryological development of the Müllerian ducts. In the prepubertal pediatric population, Müllerian duct anomalies are often incidental findings on studies obtained for other reasons. The onset of menses can prompt more clinical symptoms.

Growth recovery lines are more common in infants at high vs. low risk for abuse.

Background: Growth recovery lines, also known as growth arrest lines, are transverse radiodense metaphyseal bands that develop due to a temporary arrest of endochondral ossification caused by local or systemic insults.

Objective: To determine if growth recovery lines are more common in infants at high risk versus low risk for abuse.

Materials And Methods: Reports of American College of Radiology compliant skeletal surveys (1999-2013) were reviewed with clinical records.