Management of pediatric foot deformities: an imaging review.

Abnormalities of foot alignment can be a cause of significant morbidity in children, and some require complex surgical intervention to improve functionality and decrease pain. Imaging plays a key role in management decisions. We address some of the most common surgical strategies for selected diagnoses including pes planus, congenital vertical talus, pes cavus, and clubfoot, with a focus on imaging findings.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents in pediatric magnetic resonance imaging.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents can increase the accuracy and expediency of an MRI examination. However the benefits of a contrast-enhanced scan must be carefully weighed against the well-documented risks associated with administration of exogenous contrast media. The purpose of this review is to discuss commercially available gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in the context of pediatric radiology.

Proximal peroneus longus tear: rare case in a teenage athlete and review of the literature.

We present the case of a 15-year-old teenager who sustained an ankle inversion injury while playing American football, which yielded only minimal pain, but also foot numbness and a lateral leg bulge. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation revealed a proximal peroneal tear. These rare injuries are often associated with compartment syndrome, a surgical emergency, which was ultimately excluded clinically in this patient.

Radiographic assessment of congenital malformations of the upper extremity.

Congenital and developmental malformations of the upper extremity are uncommon and their diagnosis can challenge radiologists. Many complex classification systems exist, the latest of which accounts for the complex embryology and pathogenetic mechanisms that govern the formation of these anomalies. Using appropriate descriptors allows for more specific diagnosis and improved consultation with referring pediatricians and surgeons, helping to guide medical and surgical interventions and, if indicated, further investigation for associated abnormalities and underlying syndromes.

Utilization of chemical shift MRI in the diagnosis of disorders affecting pediatric bone marrow.

Objective: MRI signal intensity of pediatric bone marrow can be difficult to interpret using conventional methods. Chemical shift imaging (CSI), which can quantitatively assess relative fat content, may improve the ability to accurately diagnose bone marrow abnormalities in children.

Methods: Consecutive pelvis and extremity MRI at a children's hospital over three months were retrospectively reviewed for inclusion of CSI.

Differentiating os acromiale from normally developing acromial ossification centers using magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: Acromial fusion may not be complete until age 18-25, making it questionable to diagnose os acromiale in adolescents. Os acromiale may exist in adolescents and can be differentiated from a developing acromial ossification center based on MRI findings.

Materials And Methods: A total of 128 MRIs of the shoulder were randomly and blindly reviewed retrospectively by two musculoskeletal radiologists.

Free-breathing contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging with radial k-space sampling for paediatric abdominopelvic MRI.

Objective: To compare the image quality of contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic 3D fat-suppressed T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging with radial and conventional Cartesian k-space acquisition schemes in paediatric patients.

Methods: Seventy-three consecutive paediatric patients were imaged at 1.5 T with sequential contrast-enhanced T1-weighted Cartesian (VIBE) and radial gradient echo (GRE) acquisition schemes with matching parameters when possible.

Relative distribution of pertinent findings on portable neonatal abdominal radiographs: can we shield the gonads?

Background: Shielding of the gonads is a dose-saving strategy in pediatric radiography and its use is the law in New York and the majority of other states. However, routine use of gonadal shields is controversial because of concerns that important diagnostic information can be obscured.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and spatial distribution of key findings on portable neonatal abdominal radiographs.

Early occurrence of cerebral white matter abnormality detected in a neonate with salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The development of white matter signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) in children and young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia has been well documented. Existing theories regarding the development of these findings include effects of electrolyte imbalances, effects of disease-related hormone abnormalities, and non-physiologic long-term administration of corticosteroids. Many of the patients previously described were normal neurologically.