Impact of measurement method on interobserver variability of apparent diffusion coefficient of lesions in prostate MRI.

Purpose: To compare the inter-observer variability of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of prostate lesions measured by 2D-region of interest (ROI) with and without specific measurement instruction.

Methods: Forty lesions in 40 patients who underwent prostate MR followed by targeted prostate biopsy were evaluated. A multi-reader study (10 readers) was performed to assess the agreement of ADC values between 2D-ROI without specific instruction and 2D-ROI with specific instruction to place a 9-pixel size 2D-ROI covering the lowest ADC area.

Multiparametric MR for Solid Renal Mass Characterization.

Multiparametric MR provides a noninvasive means for improved differentiation between benign and malignant solid renal masses. Although most large, heterogeneous renal masses are due to renal cell carcinoma, smaller "indeterminate" renal masses are being identified on cross-sectional imaging. Although definitive diagnosis of a solid renal mass may not always be possible by MR imaging, integrated evaluation of multiple MR imaging parameters can result in concise differential diagnosis.

Imaging assessment of local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

Definitive therapy for prostate cancer includes radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy. Treatment is elected based on patient preference, biological tumor factors, and underlying health. Post prostatectomy, men are surveyed for disease recurrence with serial PSA measurements, digital rectal exam, and imaging studies depending on nomogram predicted risk of local disease recurrence and distant metastasis.

Nodular Fat-Sparing Hepatic Parenchyma as 11C-Choline-Avid Finding on PET/CT.

Focal nodular fat sparing of the liver may show, on PET/CT imaging, prominent tracer uptake over a background of less metabolic features of steatosis. This finding, already reported with F-FDG, may mimic primary or secondary neoplasms of the liver. The authors present an additional case of nodular fat-sparing hepatic parenchyma exhibiting C-choline avidity during PET/CT assessment for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.

Complications of liver transplant.

Liver transplantation has become a definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease and those meeting Milan criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity and mortality associated with liver transplantation continues to decrease thanks to refinements in surgical technique, immunosuppression, and imaging. In particular, imaging plays a vital role by facilitating early detection of post-operative complications and enabling prompt treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Penetrating Trauma-Lower Abdomen and Pelvis.

Lower urinary tract injury is most commonly the result of blunt trauma but can also result from penetrating or iatrogenic trauma. Clinical findings in patients with a mechanism of penetrating trauma to the lower urinary tract include lacerations or puncture wounds of the pelvis, perineum, buttocks, or genitalia, as well as gross hematuria or inability to void. CT cystography or fluoroscopy retrograde cystography are usually the most appropriate initial imaging procedures in patients with a mechanism of penetrating trauma to the lower urinary tract.

MRI in acute pancreatitis.

Computed tomography (CT) is the most commonly performed imaging test for acute pancreatitis. Nevertheless, magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging is useful in many specific situations. These include evaluating patients with acute pancreatitis who cannot receive iodinated CT contrast, elucidating the underlying cause of acute pancreatitis, assessing ductal disconnection and for guiding intervention of necrotic collections.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Acute Onset of Scrotal Pain-Without Trauma, Without Antecedent Mass.

An acute scrotum is defined as testicular swelling with acute pain and can reflect multiple etiologies including epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis, torsion of the spermatic cord, or torsion of the testicular appendages. Quick and accurate diagnosis of acute scrotum and its etiology with imaging is necessary because a delayed diagnosis of torsion for as little as 6 hours can cause irreparable testicular damage. Ultrasound duplex Doppler of the scrotum is usually appropriate as the initial imaging for the acute onset of scrotal pain without trauma or antecedent mass in an adult or child.

Resident Case Volume Correlates with Clinical Performance: Finding the Sweet Spot.

Rationale And Objectives: To determine whether the total number of studies interpreted during radiology residency correlates with clinical performance as measured by objective criteria.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of three graduating classes of radiology residents from a single residency program between the years 2015-2017. The total number of studies interpreted by each resident during residency was tracked.

Current concepts in molecular genetics and management guidelines for pancreatic cystic neoplasms: an essential update for radiologists.

Cystic neoplasms in the pancreas are encountered frequently on imaging, often detected incidentally during evaluation for other conditions. They can have a variety of clinical and imaging presentations, and similarly, wide-ranging prognostic and treatment implications. In the majority, imaging helps in diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) and guides management decisions.

Do Residency Selection Factors Predict Radiology Resident Performance?

Rationale And Objectives: The purpose of our study is to determine what information in medical student residency applications predicts radiology residency success as defined by objective clinical performance data.

Materials And Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of residents who entered our institution's residency program through the National Resident Matching Program as postgraduate year 2 residents and completed the program over the past 2 years. Medical school grades, selection to Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Society, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, publication in peer-reviewed journals, and whether the applicant was from a peer institution were the variables examined.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Renal Transplant Dysfunction.

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice in patients with end-stage renal disease because the 5-year survival rates range from 72% to 99%. Although graft survival has improved secondary to the introduction of newer immunosuppression drugs and the advancements in surgical technique, various complications still occur. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of renal transplants in the immediate postoperative period and for long-term follow-up.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria Hematospermia.

Most men with hematospermia or hemospermia (HS) are young (<40 years of age), presenting with transient or episodic HS without other signs or symptoms of disease. The condition is self-limiting in most cases and idiopathic in nature. When a cause can be identified, infections of the urogenital tract are the most common.

Another Time, Another Space: The Evolution of the Virtual Journal Club.

Virtual journal clubs (VJCs) provide a standardized, easily accessible forum for evidence-based discussion. The new virtual reality setting in which journal clubs and other online education events now take place offers great advantages and new opportunities for radiologists in academic medicine and private practice. VJCs continue to evolve, largely due to many emerging technologies and platforms.

Congenital and Acquired Disorders of Ureteral Course.

A wide variety of entities can alter the course of the ureter in the abdomen and pelvis. These include conditions both intrinsic and extrinsic to the ureter leading to a number of different ureteral abnormalities including thickening, displacement, dilatation, etc. An understanding of ureteral pathology, as with any organ, first requires understanding of the normal anatomic appearance.

Sorting the Alphabet Soup of Renal Pathology: A Review.

Diseases of the kidney often have their names shortened, creating an arcane set of acronyms which can be confusing to both radiologists and clinicians. This review of renal pathology aims to explain some of the most commonly used acronyms within the field. For each entity, a summary of the clinical features, pathophysiology, and radiological findings is included to aid in the understanding and differentiation of these entities.

Non-focal liver signal abnormalities on hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging: a review and differential diagnosis.

Gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is a linear, non-ionic paramagnetic MR contrast agent with combined extracellular and hepatobiliary properties commonly used for several liver indications. Although gadoxetate disodium is commonly used for detection and characterization of focal lesions, a spectrum of diffuse disease processes can affect the hepatobiliary phase of imaging (i.e.

Current Indications, Techniques, and Imaging Findings of Stem Cell Treatment and Bone Marrow Transplant.

The role of stem cell therapy in the treatment of hematologic and nonhematologic conditions is ever increasing. A thorough knowledge of the applications of stem cells and transplant physiology is essential for understanding the imaging manifestations. Stem cell imaging includes molecular imaging, and diagnostic and interventional radiology.

Imaging Complications of Renal Transplantation.

Renal transplant complications are categorized as those related to the transplant vasculature, collecting system, perinephric space, renal parenchyma, and miscellaneous complications including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Many of these renal transplant complications are diagnosed with imaging. Medical complications including rejection, acute tubular necrosis, and drug toxicity also can impair renal function.

Surgical Techniques and Imaging Complications of Liver Transplant.

Liver transplant is the treatment of choice for end-stage liver disease. Management of transplant patients requires a multidisciplinary approach, with radiologists playing a key role in identifying complications in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ultrasonography remains the investigation of choice for the initial evaluation of symptomatic patients.