Understanding The Role of Cognitive Load In Paramedical Contexts: A Systematic Review.

Cognitive load refers to the working memory resources required during a task. When the load is too high or too low this has implications for an individual's task performance. In the context of paramedicine and emergency medical services (EMS) broadly, high cognitive load could potentially put patient and personnel safety at risk.

Lights, Sirens, and Load: Anticipatory emergency medical treatment planning causes cognitive load during emergency response driving among paramedicine students.

Paramedics face various unconventional and secondary task demands while driving ambulances, leading to significant cognitive load, especially during lights-and-sirens responses. Previous research suggests that high cognitive load negatively affects driving performance, increasing the risk of accidents, particularly for inexperienced drivers. The current study investigated the impact of anticipatory treatment planning on cognitive load during emergency driving, as assessed through the use of a driving simulator.

The time-course of visual scanning behaviour of paramedicine students upon arrival at a simulated emergency call.

Background: Limited knowledge exists regarding how paramedics acquire an understanding of the scene they encounter upon arrival, despite their need to quickly gather information for effective clinical decision-making. This study examined visual scanning behaviour during the early stages of simulated emergency calls.

Methods: Eye movements of 10 paramedicine students were recorded during simulated calls conducted in both a high-fidelity classroom setting and a full sensory immersion setting.

Hero or hazard: A systematic review of individual differences linked with reduced accident involvement and influencing success during emergencies.

Objectives: This review aimed to integrate previous research to gain a deeper understanding of which individual factors are associated with reduced accident involvement, and which factors may be linked to success during emergency situations when they do occur. Better understanding how the human will react in these situations, combined with technological enhancements is vital to risk mitigation and ensuring successful performance. This review will also identify gaps in the literature that have yet to be addressed.

Prompting visual attention to print versus pictures during shared book reading with digital storybooks for preschoolers with ASD compared to TD peers.

Prompting children to look at print and picture content during shared book reading (SBR) facilitates joint attention and early language and literacy learning opportunities for typically developing (TD) children. Whether preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) respond similarly to bids for joint attention during SBR and how autism characteristics impact upon their responsiveness is currently unclear. This is important given these children are at risk of persistent language and literacy challenges.

Working together: An investigation of the impact of working alliance and cohesion on group psychotherapy attendance.

Objectives: Group psychotherapy holds considerable potential for cost-effective treatment delivery. However, issues with client attendance can compromise the efficacy of such treatments. To date, client specific factors are amongst the most researched predictors of attendance in psychotherapy, with much less of a focus given to process factors, particularly in the group therapy context.

Decision-making in single and multiple-screen CCTV surveillance.

One task of CCTV operation is to decide whether footage shown in videos depicts criminal behaviour, or allows a viewer to predict its occurrence. An increasing prevalence of cameras in the world, means an increase in screens in the control room. This presents a signal-to-noise challenge where the signal (criminal activity) may become more difficult to detect amongst the noise.

Object Properties Influence Visual Guidance of Motor Actions.

The dynamic nature of the real world poses challenges for predicting where best to allocate gaze during object interactions. The same object may require different visual guidance depending on its current or upcoming state. Here, we explore how object properties (the material and shape of objects) and object state (whether it is full of liquid, or to be set down in a crowded location) influence visual supervision while setting objects down, which is an element of object interaction that has been relatively neglected in the literature.

Anxious individuals predict the onset of aggression earlier in a CCTV surveillance task.

Attentional biases in anxious individuals can facilitate the detection of threatening stimuli. A particular field of research that may benefit from enhanced threat detection is in closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance, in which operators search through multiple camera feeds to attempt to identify threatening situations before they occur. The present study examined whether the enhanced threat detection of anxious individuals extends to the ability to detect threat in a multiple-scene CCTV task.

Is experience in multi-genre video game playing accompanied by impulsivity?

Developing impulsivity has been one of the main concerns thought to arise from the increasing popularity of video gaming. Most of the relevant literature has treated gamers as pure-genre players (i.e.

The saccadic flow baseline: Accounting for image-independent biases in fixation behavior.

Much effort has been made to explain eye guidance during natural scene viewing. However, a substantial component of fixation placement appears to be a set of consistent biases in eye movement behavior. We introduce the concept of saccadic flow, a generalization of the central bias that describes the image-independent conditional probability of making a saccade to (xi+1, yi+1), given a fixation at (xi, yi).

Coordinating vision and action in natural behaviour: Differences in spatiotemporal coupling in everyday tasks.

Vision and action are tightly coupled in space and time: for many tasks we must look at the right place at the right time to gather the information that we need to complete our behavioural goals. Vision typically leads action by about 0.5 seconds in many natural tasks.

On the Factors Causing Processing Difficulty of Multiple-Scene Displays.

Multiplex viewing of static or dynamic scenes is an increasing feature of screen media. Most existing multiplex experiments have examined detection across increasing scene numbers, but currently no systematic evaluation of the factors that might produce difficulty in processing multiplexes exists. Across five experiments we provide such an evaluation.

The influence of action video game playing on eye movement behaviour during visual search in abstract, in-game and natural scenes.

Action game playing has been associated with several improvements in visual attention tasks. However, it is not clear how such changes might influence the way we overtly select information from our visual world (i.e.

Sequences show rapid motor transfer and spatial translation in the oculomotor system.

Every day we perform learnt sequences of actions that seem to happen almost without awareness. It has been argued that for learning such sequences parallel learning networks exist - one using spatial coordinates and one using motor coordinates - with sequence acquisition involving a progressive shift from the former to the latter as a sequence is rehearsed. When sequences are interrupted by an out-of-sequence target, there is a delay in the response to the target, and so here we transiently interrupt oculomotor sequences to probe the influence of oculomotor rehearsal and spatial coordinates in sequence acquisition.

Longitudinal assessment of reflexive and volitional saccades in Niemann-Pick Type C disease during treatment with miglustat.

Background: Niemann-Pick Type C disease (NPC), is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral disorder of lipid metabolism. One characteristic feature of NPC is a vertical supranuclear gaze palsy particularly affecting saccades. However, horizontal saccades are also impaired and as a consequence a parameter related to horizontal peak saccadic velocity was used as an outcome measure in the clinical trial of miglustat, the first drug approved in several jurisdictions for the treatment of NPC.

Examination strategies of experienced and novice clinicians viewing the retina.

Purpose: Expertise in viewing medical images is thought to be due to the ability to process holistic image information. Eye care clinicians can inspect photographs of the retina to search for signs of disease. However, they commonly also view the eye in vivo using the restricted view of a slit lamp, which removes the potential benefits of holistic processing.

Monitoring of strain-dependent responsiveness to TLR activation in the mouse anterior segment using SD-OCT.

Purpose: To determine whether spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) can be used to longitudinally monitor inflammation in the mouse anterior segment and to identify any strain-dependent differences in responsiveness to distinct toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands.

Methods: Corneal inflammation was induced in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice following central corneal abrasions and topical application of saline, TLR-4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or TLR-9 ligand, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN; CpG). Anterior-segment images were captured using SD-OCT at baseline, 24 hours, and 1 week post treatment.

A control experiment for studies that show improved visual sensitivity with intraocular pressure lowering in glaucoma.

Purpose: Contrast sensitivity sometimes increases in patients with open-angle glaucoma when intraocular pressure (IOP) is decreased. Although often interpreted as demonstrating reversible glaucoma-induced dysfunction, this result, if true, could simply reflect a general relationship between sensitivity and IOP in visual mechanisms unaffected by glaucoma. To investigate this relationship, we test the hypothesis that reducing IOP in eyes without glaucoma (ocular hypertension) does not increase perimetric contrast sensitivity.

Target direction rather than position determines oculomotor expectation in repeating sequences.

Saccadic latencies to targets appearing to the left and right of fixation in a repeating sequence are significantly increased when a target is presented out of sequence. Is this because the target is in the wrong position, the wrong direction, or both? To find out, we arranged for targets in a horizontal plane occasionally to appear with an unexpected eccentricity, though in the correct direction. This had no significant effect on latency, unlike what is observed when targets appeared in the unexpected direction.

Looking for trouble: a description of oculomotor search strategies during live CCTV operation.

Recent research has begun to address how CCTV operators in the modern control room attempt to search for crime (e.g., Howard et al.

Behavioral biases when viewing multiplexed scenes: scene structure and frames of reference for inspection.

Where people look when viewing a scene has been a much explored avenue of vision research (e.g., see Tatler, 2009).