Atherosclerosis and HIV: Exploring Cardiovascular Risks and Management.

The advent of antiretroviral therapy has markedly improved the life expectancy of individuals with HIV, leading to a shift in clinical focus from managing opportunistic infections to addressing chronic conditions, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Emerging evidence highlights an elevated risk of ASCVD among people living with HIV, characterized by a higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and heart failure compared with the general population. This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of ASCVD in the context of HIV.

Pulmonary Artery Hypertension: Fifty Years Following Pneumonectomy in Infancy.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) may be the result of many different pathological processes. PH is a rare but recognized vascular complication following major lung resection. We describe the diagnosis and management of moderate PH resulting more than 50 years in a patient who underwent a total unilateral pneumonectomy in infancy.

Safety and cardiometabolic efficacy of novel antidiabetic drugs.

Introduction: There are three major drug classes discussed in this review: dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAS), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. A literature review of the landmark cardiovascular outcome trials from 2008 to 2021 was conducted.

Areas Covered: The cumulative data shown in this review suggest that in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 RAS may reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk.

Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Current Literature and Views.

Atrial fibrillation is a common supraventricular tachyarrhythmia with uncoordinated atrial activation and ineffective atrial contraction. This leads to an increased risk of atrial thrombi, most commonly in the left atrial appendage, and increased risks of embolic strokes and/or peripheral thromboembolism. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Hyperlipidemia in Children and Adolescents.

While coronary artery disease (CAD) is thought to be a disease of adulthood, atherosclerosis can originate in childhood and adolescence. There is a paucity of randomized controlled treatment trials regarding dyslipidemia among the younger population. However, it is apparent that childhood dyslipidemia is associated with an earlier onset of CAD.